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The artistic creativity of the era of artificial intelligence

00:57, April 03, 2020 Source: "China Social Sciences", April 3, 2020, 1900th, author: Chen Jing

　　In recent years，Deep learning in the field of artificial intelligence flourish，Especially to generate a powerful independent learning ability presented by the confrontation network，Fans of artificial intelligence began to cheer for "artificial intelligence may be creative"。Especially Alpha Zero defeated the world champion level international chess program StockFish within 24 hours，Let people seem to see an artificial intelligence with strong ability。IBM launched the first AI film trailer in 2016，Carried out a special research on AI creativity。They communicate with 30 experts and ideological leaders，It is pointed out that artificial intelligence can easily produce some new things，But it is difficult to produce some things that are both new and more useful and useful。Whether artificial intelligence has its independent creativity，or just playing auxiliary、Enhance the creative role of people，This problem has a long history。Turing pointed out in the famous "Computing Machine and Smart"，About whether the machine can write fourteen lines of poems or creative concerto，As long as the machine can make satisfactory answers during the conversation and continue to make a conversation，It can be considered as a thinking process。He also pointed out，The reason why philosophers and mathematicians believe that machines cannot be creative，It is because they first believe that creativity is a psychological activity unique to the human mind。From the perspective today，The judgment made by Turing in 1950 still has its effectiveness，In fact, he puts out the issues of "artificial intelligence and creativity", "artificial intelligence and human creativity" that we have previously proposed in the position of the meta -issue -what level should we discuss creativity? Can we specify the creativity of artificial bet365 Play online games intelligence by human creativity?

　　Creativity, a human mystery?

　　Human beings have always been self -proclaimed with creativity、Pride。What is creativity? Since the discussion of this topic involves literary criticism、Experimental and Cognitive Psychology、Psychoanalysis、Philosophy、Art、Artificial Intelligence and other discipline backgrounds，Therefore, there are many definitions。But in general，Creativity mainly refers to two abilities，that is production and use of original、Ability of different views，and the ability to create a new or imaginative thing。In a stricter sense，Creativity refers to the main body with production and creativity，and the results generated by the corresponding behavior must have "new ideas" and value。Creativity is more psychological and motivated at the individual level，Often with mysterious colors、Unreasonable、Auditization and imagination psychological state and behavior are associated。The various "inspiration" "creative moments" of people's talked about "creative moments"，It is often like a bed、Bus and bathtub (BED, BUS and BATH，referred to as "3B") Some incredible places that happened，For example, Archimedes get inspiration from the bathtub，Agatha Christie likes to eat apples while taking a bath。So，Arthur Cusler described the creative process of creativity。

　　critical moment，The sudden appearance of new insights is an intuitive behavior。This intuition packaged miraculous or rational shortcuts。Actually，They may be associated with an immersive chain，But this chain only starts and the end is visible to the surface of consciousness。Just like a divers being guided by invisible links，Dive at one end，It did not appear on the other end (A. KOESTLER, The Act of Creation)。So，Can brain science help us discover the clues that are hidden under the water? Although scientists believe that the neural activity of the brain should be able to explain everything，But currently based on research methods，We still lack a clear understanding of creative neural foundation。bet365 live casino games The current research on creating the brain neurological foundation is mainly based on two aspects of brain structure and brain function。The relationship between creativity and brain structure is mainly based on the physiological anatomical and brain composition of the brain，The relationship between creativity and brain function is mainly from task orientation and individual differences orientation (Shen Wang Bing、Liu Chang、Chen Jingjing，"Basis of Creative Brain Structure and Brain Function")。Because the current research mainly gathers in functional presentation research，Structural image research is relatively small，There is no more correlation of functional performance。That is to say，Researchers may from behavior research、Reasoning and problem solving some mechanisms in the process of understanding the brain，But there are still many difficulties and obstacles。How the brain can produce creativity，or how someone can be creative，and different types of artistic activities.，Still unsolved mystery。

　　Some scholars also point out，Creativity is the product of an interactive process between individual and social and cultural context (Mihaly CSIKSZENTMIHALYI, Creativity: Flow and the Psychology of Dis-Covery and INvent)。Creativity can be learned through some skills。If in the field of science and technology，Creativity is reflected in the usefulness in a practical process (process); and humanities、Art or theology field，reflected as intuition、Sensitive、Everbright inner positive value。The formation of more consensus and creativity of humanities and art provides social language context。18th century romanticism、19th -century idealism established the relationship between the creativity as a universal concept and the relationship between the soul。Kerr Ruluan、Wingswas, etc., especially emphasized，Imagination as a creativity of expression behavior，Has an important role in the creator experience。Creativity is bound to a series of concepts such as "genius", "imagination" and "original"，Become Bet365 lotto review the core concept of humanities and art。At the same time，With the large -scale popularity of printing books，Professional writer group slowly forms，Author's copyright legislation and the industrial chain of the printing industry gradually improve，Professional Edit、Publisher、The division of labor of sellers and critics is increasingly clear，Make the literary world a self -sufficient group and circle。So，Creator、Copyright、Original、Creativity can float in such a social context。

　　Let artificial intelligence be creative

　　Although the understanding and research on creativity are continuing，But humans have always worked hard to create new possibilities in machines，Make a computer with intelligence like a person，So as creative。Early early development of artificial intelligence，Someone began to explore artificial intelligence to intervene in artistic creativity activities，For example, writing a poem。In 1966, there was an artificial intelligence program called Elliza.。Elliza's extraordinary thing is that it can use a rational and associated dialogue ability，instead of any complex language -sentence analysis skills。and Elliza's rational connection ability mainly depends on a false intelligent mechanism，This mechanism includes identification of keywords、Enter the cycle user、response to classic formulas and suddenly changing themes。1993，Scott Turner created the "MINSTREL" system，Put the computer as a generator of the basic model。Its entire story system is based on the author -level problem solving model，Four important elements of trying to achieve the goal (theme、Drama、Consistency and presentation) The short story of "King Arthur"。Turner referred to this interpretation technology as "transformation-call-adaptation method" (transform-recall-adapt method)。Each tram integrates a simple problem conversion，This problem is converted to search for new knowledge in the problem space，and apply the new knowledge to the problem with the corresponding adjustment，Can make any knowledge discovered adapt to the original problem。Solve Bet365 lotto review the process by using the TRAM expansion problem，MINSTREL can invented useful new problems solutions。By incorporating creativity into the recall process，minstret can be used for any cognitive process，and allow multiple trams to make creativity "jump"。But as far as the literary effect it generates，The imitation text generated by this creation process is still in the primary stage。Whether it is the "Yin Poet" imitation of the logic of the legendary story，Or Elliza's imitation of verbal dialogue mode，All computer logic operations、Inference and programming。Although it has been like Microsoft Xiao Bing in recent years、Tsinghua University's "Nine Songs" system, etc., has made further development in poetry creation，But the ultimate goal of these projects is not to generate beautiful literary works，Instead of realizing the exploration of human wisdom and thinking in this way。This creativity itself is carefully planned and designed，And for humans，Write a poem written like humans，This is not a creative thing in itself。

　　But，Generate adversarial network，gan) appears，It seems to make things different。As a machine learning method that introduces gaming theory into a model，Gans's original purpose setting is to create artistic images，It has two neural networks that can communicate with each other，A generator (general) and a discriminator (discriminator)。Two models are trained at the same time through the confrontation process。The generator plays a role similar to "artist"，Learning creation image that looks real，The judgment device plays the role of "art critic"，Learning to distinguish between true and false images。The most interesting thing is，In the image group identified by the critic，The image (real image) created by the person given by the training data set is，It also includes a new image (fake image) created by the artist in the GAN program。Therefore, in the GANS model，Computers are not only a way to help humans do new things (create new、Unprecedented images in the human world)，At the same time, it is still doing things bet365 best casino games that look like creative (never such a way to generate art images)，And can also identify creativity (internal models set such a self -generation and appraisal link)。

　　2018，A picture generated by Gans created the first auction record for artificial intelligence paintings。This painter named "Portrait of Edmond Belamy" is the producer of three young people from France。They trained machines to learn from the portrait between the 14th and 20th centuries.，generated a batch of images，Please judge art experts again，I chose a painting that looks like Glen Brown style printing、Signature。Despite the preparation of the program、Data training、During the process of processing and judgment selection，Some people participate，But the program is still given greater autonomy，and began to exceed the creative understanding of human beings。Another young artist Robbie Barrat is actually a writer of the data model of "Edmond Demond Demond Demond Demoli Portrait"。but different from the way to generate the "portrait of" Edmond De Meng De Bellami "，Robby gave the machine more freedom。After training machine learning a lot of nude paintings，He generated a batch of nude paintings through Gans。Although he feels that these paintings are not like those naked paintings in the training data，But he did not try to modify the program or let the expert judge to improve the results。On the contrary，He believes that the result proves that the machine fails during the learning process: the machine did not learn all the correct attributes in nude painting，On the opposite，but fell into the local minimum value (a local minimum)，So as to produce surreal meat groups。So，Robby asked: "Is this the way the machine is looking at people?" Although Robby's work did not satisfy his expectations of nude paintings，But his failure may help us discover the "unconscious" creation of a machine: Does the algorithm generate the art works that "consider" in the process of "learning" in this process? That is，Does this process reflect the creativity of a machine? Answer we don’t know。

　　At the same time，We should also pay attention，The artistic creativity of artificial intelligence，Can't get rid of the social context where artificial intelligence is located。Actually，Art as a culture and artificial product，In -depth interweaving with social and cultural context，It is difficult to peel off the art simply from the social context，Just discuss the meaning or philosophical significance it has。For example, "Portrait of Edmond De Meng De Bellami" was questioned that there was a suspect of code plagiarism。The generator of this painting uses the code publicly produced by Robby to generate works、Auction profit，but did not benefit Robby。Then due to the sharing of the code itself，How to treat the legal and economic rights of such generating works，In fact, it has also become a problem that artificial intelligence cannot solve。

　　(Author Unit: School of Art of Nanjing University)

Editor in charge: Changchang