Ma Min，Formerly served as Vice President of Central China Normal University、Principal、Party Secretary，Current Director of the Institute of Modern Chinese History at Central China Normal University。The main part-time social workers are expert members of the National Teaching Materials Committee、Convener of the Chinese History Discipline Review Group of the Academic Degrees Committee of the State Council、Member of the Social Science Committee of the Ministry of Education、President of Hubei Province Yanhuang Culture Research Association, etc.。Mainly engaged in research on modern Chinese history，The research direction is China’s modern social and economic history、History of China’s Modern Expositions、History of Modern Chinese Church Universities、History of the Revolution of 1911。Representative works include "Transitional Forms: The Mystery of the Composition of the Early Chinese Bourgeoisie", "Between Officials and Businessmen: Modern Gentlemen and Merchants in Drastic Social Changes", "The Evolution of the Business Spirit - A Study of the Concepts of Modern Chinese Businessmen" and "General History of the Chinese Chamber of Commerce in Modern Times" ( four volumes，Editor in chief), etc.。

Traditional concept、The transformation and changes of concepts in modern times，Is an important dimension to understand Chinese-style modernization and related issues。During the first "Academic China" International Summit Forum，Professor Ma Min, Director of the Institute of Modern Chinese History at Central China Normal University, discussed the historical causes of Chinese-style modernization based on the modern transformation of the urban "bet365 bonus code 2023" sphere in the late Qing Dynasty and its conceptual changes。About related topics，Our reporter interviewed Professor Ma Min。

　　"China Social Sciences Journal": The concept of "bet365 bonus code 2023" helps to form a discourse system for Chinese modernization，Can you please talk about the connection in detail？

　　Ma Min:“bet365 bonus code 2023” corresponding to “Private” is a traditional and important concept in China，Continuing from ancient times to the present day，The meaning continues to change with the times。But in this constant "change"，There is another "normal"，That is, it settles down、Common characteristics inherited to this day。Late Qing Dynasty China began to enter an era of rapid changes - modern China，Both the "bet365 bonus code 2023" field and the concept of "bet365 bonus code 2023" attached to it have experienced profound changes with the times。The traditional "gong" and the modern "gong" are dependent on each other，At the same time, mutual penetration and evolution，Form a new type of bet365 bonus code 2023 sphere and bet365 bonus code 2023 concepts，Promoted China’s early modernization (modernization) process。Exploring the modern evolution trajectory of the concept of "bet365 bonus code 2023" through changes in its connotation and denotation，It may be helpful to sort out the indigenous “Chinese concepts”、Grasp the "local" characteristics of modernization，Formation of Chinese discourse system for Chinese-style modernization。

　　"China Social Sciences Journal": In your opinion，Whether there was a "bet365 bonus code 2023" domain in ancient China？How is the relationship between "bet365 bonus code 2023" and "private" reflected?？For these questions，How we met in the previous academic circles？

　　Ma Min:In ancient China，"bet365 bonus code 2023" in the physical sense，Mostly refers to the "country" or the monarch related to the "country"、Noble class，Such as "gongshi", "gongmen", "gongting", "gongjia", "gonghou" and "gongclan"，The "privacy" that is different from ordinary individuals or families。This formed the imperial power、The "bet365 bonus code 2023" domain constituted by the state and its governing activities，And the "private" sphere consisting of an individual or family and their daily life。

But the characteristics of the integrated social structure of "family-country-world" in ancient China，The boundaries between bet365 bonus code 2023 and private are often blurred，Individual people are buried in "home"，At the same time, he is hidden in the "country"，leading to family and country、bet365 bonus code 2023 and private are separated from each other，They penetrate each other，Boundaries are often blurred。Mr. Fei Xiaotong put forward a classic point of view: Chinese society based on family，In fact, it is a self-centered "differential pattern" society，That is, the social order of ethical relationships with hierarchical differences。

From the ambiguity of the distinction between bet365 bonus code 2023 and private，Ancient China gradually developed a relationship between country and family (family、The intermediary "bet365 bonus code 2023" sphere between family) and individuals，Rugongtian、bet365 bonus code 2023 housing、Shecang、Yi Cang、Academy、Yi Xue、Shantang、Guild Hall、Office, etc.。Ming and Qing Dynasties，The “bet365 bonus code 2023” field of this nature has developed very maturely，Various civil society organizations often play a key role in this，And correspondingly, more and more countries have no direct jurisdiction，Local "official business" and "errands" that private individuals are unable to complete，Rubaojia、Team training、Anti-theft、Bridge Repair、Paving the road、Charity, etc.。American scholar Huang Zongzhi directly calls it the “third realm”，That is, it is different from the country，The third space that is different from private society: civil society with a mixture of bet365 bonus code 2023 and private affairs。The relationship between the state and society shows the characteristics of a three-dimensional spatial structure。This “bet365 bonus code 2023” domain presented as a “third space”，It often has adhesive characteristics in structure，In fact, it is a vast intermediate transition zone between the state and society，It is attached to the state power，Down and connected by family、Family and Shop、The "private" society composed of workshops, etc.，The structure shows the intertwining of state and society、The complex pattern of penetration and integration，It is difficult to draw a clear line between them。This is a concept quite different from the "bet365 bonus code 2023 sphere" defined by Habermas that is familiar to the West

　"Chinese Social Sciences Journal": since modern times，Chinese society has undergone tremendous changes。In your opinion，What are the specific manifestations of this change in the "bet365 bonus code 2023" field？Compared with the “bet365 bonus code 2023” sphere in contemporary Western countries，Is there any difference in this change in modern China？

　　Ma Min:Since the 19th century，Under the influence of the dual factors of internal changes in Chinese society and Western influence，The "bet365 bonus code 2023" domain of Chinese cities has begun to undergo a series of changes with modern significance。First，It shows that the "bet365 bonus code 2023" field has an obvious expansion trend，Various "bet365 bonus code 2023 bureaus" and "offices" specializing in bet365 bonus code 2023 welfare undertakings have been established，The new "Gentleman-Director" system has begun to be implemented internally。Secondly，Early 20th century，In the Home Rule Movement，With the emergence of a large number of new civil society organizations and autonomous institutions，There are further institutional changes in the traditional “bet365 bonus code 2023” sphere of Chinese cities，There are several new changes that have never happened before: the organizational connection of the urban bet365 bonus code 2023 sphere，Start from Shantang、Academy、Guild Hall、Offices and other offices are relatively closed、Transition from conservative traditional social organizations to Israel Chamber of Commerce、Business Group、Education Association、Fire Fighting Club、Autonomous Office、A new network of civil society organizations composed of autonomous associations, etc.；A large number of bourgeois gentry and businessmen entered the urban bet365 bonus code 2023 sphere by serving as leaders of new types of associations，Formation of “Gentleman-Business Leadership System” in the bet365 bonus code 2023 sphere。The degree of “modernization” of civil society organizations has also increased accordingly。Although they are all "private" and "autonomous" in name，But in fact, these associations often have the common characteristics of "government and business cooperation" or "government supervision and business management"，It is a compromise between the state and society、The product of cooperation，Different from the purely “people” nature of modern Western civil society organizations。This mix、Transitional Characteristics，Has a lasting influence on Chinese urban community organizations，Making China's grassroots social structure very different from that of Western countries。

In the Western tradition，The dual structure of state and society is quite clear，With relatively clear legal boundaries。The concepts of bet365 bonus code 2023 interest and bet365 bonus code 2023 reason often come from the people and society，Aimed at constraining state power。The "bet365 bonus code 2023 sphere" in Habermas's concept is essentially the "overflow area" from the end of society that competes with the state。In the construction of this concept，“A multitude of individuals…gather into a bet365 bonus code 2023”，Control of "a bet365 bonus code 2023 sphere regulated from above but in opposition to bet365 bonus code 2023 authority itself"。Confrontation between society and the state，Expansion of civil rights，It is the tone of Western-style "bet365 bonus code 2023 sphere"。Opposite，In the Chinese-style modern "bet365 bonus code 2023" field，Although frictions and struggles between civil society and the state can also be observed，But more of it is compromise and cooperation between both parties，The so-called "government by the people assisting government rule"，Pure social autonomy that is not independent of state power。This trend was especially obvious in the late Qing Dynasty。In other words，The structure and operation of the bet365 bonus code 2023 sphere in the late Qing Dynasty，Seems closer to Hegel’s concept of civil society being attached to the state，Not likely to have checks and balances or be independent from the country。After the founding of the Republic of China，Although the independence of the bet365 bonus code 2023 sphere and civil society has increased in modern times，But basically still within the framework of compromise and coexistence with state power。This explains，Although the “bet365 bonus code 2023” sphere in modern China has some similarities with the Western bet365 bonus code 2023 sphere，But there is always a big difference。

　　"China Social Sciences Journal": Concepts change with social changes。How did modern bet365 bonus code 2023 concepts arise and develop？From a comparative perspective，What are the similarities and differences between its roots and manifestations and Western bet365 bonus code 2023 concepts？

　　Ma Min:Accompanying the changes in urban grassroots social organizations are changes in bet365 bonus code 2023 concepts。The so-called bet365 bonus code 2023 nature began from the pure national character and national identity of "bet365 bonus code 2023" in ancient times，Evolution towards a hybrid “bet365 bonus code 2023” concept that combines “bet365 bonus code 2023” and “private” in modern times。This process began in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties (such as Wang Fuzhi、Gu Yanwu、Thoughts of Huang Zongxi and others)，The emergence of new concepts of “bet365 bonus code 2023 welfare” and “bet365 bonus code 2023” that flourished in the 19th and early 20th centuries。The former was guided by the thoughts of Gu Yanwu and others who "combine the private interests of the world to make the world bet365 bonus code 2023"，Clear personal desires、The universality of self-interest、Legitimacy，The latter is through Liang Qichao、Yan Fu and others introduced Western bet365 bonus code 2023 concepts，Combining "bet365 bonus code 2023" and "group"，Advocate ideas such as "bet365 bonus code 2023 morality", "bet365 bonus code 2023 heart", "bet365 bonus code 2023 welfare" and "bet365 bonus code 2023 opinion"，Give the concept of “bet365 bonus code 2023” a modern connotation。Modern bet365 bonus code 2023 concepts such as "the world is bet365 bonus code 2023", "the world is for the bet365 bonus code 2023", "social welfare" and "bet365 bonus code 2023 power" have become basic concepts in the development of modern thought and culture，Laid a solid ideological and conceptual foundation for the development of modern charity and other social welfare undertakings。

Concepts such as "bet365 bonus code 2023", "bet365 bonus code 2023 welfare" and "bet365 bonus code 2023 opinion" have also become the basis for local elites to form associations with gentry and businessmen as the core、The basic concept that is repeatedly emphasized and relied on in gregarious self-governance。They call their group "bet365 bonus code 2023 group"，Calling that his actions were motivated by "complete autonomy and bet365 bonus code 2023 welfare" of "turning private interests into bet365 bonus code 2023 interests" and "self-defense in a group"。Consistent with the concept of “bet365 bonus code 2023 welfare”，"bet365 bonus code 2023 opinion" (i.e. bet365 bonus code 2023 opinion)、"bet365 bonus code 2023 outrage", "bet365 bonus code 2023 morality", "bet365 bonus code 2023 heart", "Justice", "bet365 bonus code 2023 interest" and other ideological concepts that reflect the bet365 bonus code 2023 nature of the city are also demonstrated at the same time。As in the boycott movement of American goods，The Chamber of Commerce very cleverly links the traditional spirit of "bet365 bonus code 2023 morality" with the "business war" to recover rights，Calling citizens to boycott American products。

China’s modern bet365 bonus code 2023 concept draws on the Western concept of “bet365 bonus code 2023 interest” based on “general will” and “contract”，Therefore，The two have a great degree of similarity。But based on China’s national conditions，There is also an obvious shadow of “country” in modern Chinese bet365 bonus code 2023 concepts。This is due to the strong sense of grouping to save the nation，The second reason is the urgent desire to build a modern nation-state that is either constitutional or republican。So the modern bet365 bonus code 2023 view is inseparable from the modern "national" view，“Nationals” (or “New People” advocated by Liang Qichao) often become the representatives of the new “general will” and “bet365 bonus code 2023 morality”。The Chinese “bet365 bonus code 2023” sphere has finally shown a trend of transforming into modern “civil society”。But that’s all。

　　"China Social Sciences Journal": Finally, let us return to the theme of the first "Academic China" International Summit Forum，In your opinion，How to understand the characteristics of Chinese modernization from a historical perspective？

　　Ma Min:It is not difficult to see from the evolution of the “bet365 bonus code 2023” field and the concept of “bet365 bonus code 2023” in modern Chinese history，Chinese-style modernization has its own historical context and cultural context。Since modern times，Although China’s modern discourse system has been influenced by European style and beauty，But it is not a simple transplantation of Western concepts and discourse。Only from China’s own historical and cultural context，Through careful exploration and combing，Only then can we establish a discourse system and theoretical system for Chinese-style modernization，Really explain clearly what are the differences between China’s modernization process and Western modernization，What are some concepts and ideas that grew out of the local area，And what are the local ways to achieve system transformation，Thus returning to the native land、In the process of de-centralizing the West，Pull out a modernization path that truly belongs to China。