If historical research provides people with awareness of history，Then reflection on the knowledge theory and methodology of this cognitive activity of history research is a character played by historical theory。To a large extent，History theory shows the observation of historios in philosophy，So，Also known as historical philosophy。But，In the history of history，The significance and value of the academic circles for historical theory or historical philosophy，There are often different understanding。For contemporary Chinese history research，It is necessary to build the historic history of Chinese characteristics as the mission of the times，So，Academic functions of face -to -face history theory，and improve the level of reflection in Chinese historical theory，is a non -waste kung fu。The relationship between the theory and the practice of history and the practice of history，Dong Lihe, a professor at the History and History Research Center of Beijing Normal University, accepted an interview from our reporter。

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"China Social Sciences":When you talk about the relationship between history theory and historios,，A very visible verb with "watch"，and qualitatively the theory of history into a philosophy。Why do this "philosophical viewing" need this "view of philosophy"?

　　Dong Lihe:Before talking about the relationship between the theory and the practice of history，It is necessary to ask the relationship between theory and practice first。Dialectical unity relationships between theory and practice exist in all the activities of human knowledge and transforming the world，Not only limited in the field of discipline。Practice decision theory，and the theory has a guiding role in practice。Lenin once said，No revolutionary theory，There is no revolutionary action。but but，Interesting is，People have some tangled attitude towards theory and practice。For theory and practice，The relationship between the two，People have some cognitive misunderstandings。Theory is often regarded as a vaginal dyeing、Unrealistic，Practice is considered to be down -to -earth、Steady and pragmatic。When talking about this pair of contradictions，People will naturally exaggerate the opposition between them，But inadvertently despise the unity between the two。

In Western Classical Age，The reputation of theory is much better。I once gave preliminary word source research on the word "theory" in Western language。"Theory" (Theory "(Theory) comes from the Greek verb theorein (noun form is），related to "Look at" or "View" (view "(view)。From Plato's view，As a sacred "observation"，It is the highest to pure realm of rational activities of people (philosophers)。People can bet365 best casino games only "see" the real existence in this realm，to get "True Knowledge"。This looks like，The theory is the most authentic capture of reality。Similar concepts also exist in ancient my country。"Tao Te Ching" has words，"All things and do it，I watched to recover "。From Lao Tzu，Everything competes for growth and will eventually return to the fundamental law，It also needs "viewing"。

Plato also said，Vision is the channel that brings us the greatest blessing。Aristotle also thinks，Eyes are the most preferred organs of human beings。If people have never seen the sun, the moon and the stars，The doctrine of the universe will not be related to the universe。The horizons determine the realm of thought。How far can you see，How far will you think about。"Thought" and "Eyes" exist in some kind of correlation。Of course，Eyes mentioned here，No longer mainly refers to the naked eye of people，but "Eyes of Concept"，Is "Mind"。The theory of visual image composition。Turn in turn，Theory can also be attributed to visual image。"Watch" is not all theory，But the theory has the dimension of "watch"。Theory can often be confirmed by restore as a visual image，The so -called "seeing is true"，Only the metaphor of visuality，Only ordinary people will better understand。For example，As soon as the law of gravity is mentioned，Many people will flash the picture of apples in their minds。Theory of the nature of light，People often think of granules and waves。

Therefore，The theory and vision are closely related，Is a "view" or "point of view"。In German，"Weltanschauung" as a theory of the world，In fact, "Anschauen)" Welt "。This is consistent with the "world view" in English。In the Chinese context，We are used to the "three views"，That is the world、"Viewpoint" of life and value。Another，Regardless of Chinese and foreign，The word "theory" and the theoretical words，Also often uses visual words combination。For example，"theoretical viewpoint", "theoretical perspective", "theoretical perspective", "theoretical vision", "high opinion", "foreSight"、"Insight"、"Innovation", "Viewing", "Observation", etc.。Language expression reveals the internal connection of "theory" and vision。

As far as historical theory,，There are different definitions in the academic community at home and abroad。I equate the theory of history with historical philosophy。Here，"theory", "philosophy" and "thought" are the concepts of the same level，It can be understood as a "watch"。I divide the theory of history into two parts，One is the theory of history，Second is the historical theory of narrow sense。The former is an overview of the historical event process，The former is an overview of the historical event process。

First talk "History Theory"。It is sometimes called "historical view"，that is, "View History"，It is an overall philosophy of the historical body。"History Theory" usually has visual characteristics。For example，When it comes to historical cycle theory、The view of linear progress，The geometric graphics bet365 live casino games of "circle" and "straight" in front of us。The dominant concept of the historical view of materialism "economic foundation" and "upper building" are a visual metaphor for related buildings。As a "point of view" as a historical body，History theory with cognitive authenticity requirements，That is to say，The historical process is at least in some people's eyes that are the beginning and recurring，Or some people really keep improving。But，The most prominent feature of historical theory is the value orientation of its ethics and aesthetics。History theory is not only experience description，and it is a priority specification。In other words，It not only conveys what the past is like，often instructing what history should look like，Therefore, there is a future direction。Material History History, both experienced and cognitive truth，also has the ideal of future value。History theory is both objective，There is also subjectivity，Not only regular and rational，It is also valuable and emotional。Change a historical theory，That is to change a viewing perspective in the past，It also means a different attitude and mood。Of course，Humans need rational and lofty historical views。

Besides, "History theory of narrow sense"。It is sometimes called "History Concept"，that is, "Viewing History"，It is a philosophical "perspective" for the nature of history，Focus on the "Prerequisite Assumption" of historical thinking。History theory in narrow sense is both epistemology and methodology。History theory in narrow sense is after the "problem vision" of philosophy in the late 19th century history。In the nearly one and a half century,，Focus on the core question of "what is historical"，formed a different narrow historical theory "Pavilion"。We know，The word "paradigm" comes from the scientific philosopher Kun。The transformation of the "paradigm" he is talking about，In fact, it is a "perspective" conversion of scientific development。In a historic theoretical paradigm，Historians may see the side of history as (natural) science，or pay attention to its as the side of art，This has formed a different "prerequisite assumption" of historical thinking nature。These prerequisite assumptions or subject ideals will be formed，They will more or less specify the research field of the historian。For example，The 1960s and 1970s，Hesen White and other historian theorists began to attract people's eyes to the language of historians，Especially the story and rhetoric of history，Therefore, it highlights the artistic face of history。So，Under this premise hypothesis，Literary historical works such as "Cat Cat" and "Return of Martin Geal" have emerged in the western history community。It is in this sense，History theory of narrow sense has a fundamental and constituent effect on historic practice。

　　Historian and historian philosopher

"China Social Sciences":In fact，In the academic history of history，We seem to have always felt the "vigilance" of philosophy to enter the historic territory，Historical philosophy is considered to be "僭 僭" for history。What do you think of the "identity" of historical philosophy?

　　Dong Lihe:In my opinion，History theory and historical philosophy is one thing，In fact, it is philosophy。History theory is also known as "the historical philosophy of speculation"，and the narrow historical theory is called "Historical Philosophy"。but，Two terms of "History Theory" and "History Philosophy"，The attitude of the historical world is different。Regardless of Chinese and foreign，People generally recognize the former，Because it is considered to be history，How many rejection of the latter，Because it is attributed to philosophy。This is a deep -rooted subject identity or identity concept。

Since the specialization of historical disciplines in the 19th century，Especially since Lanke History is generally accepted，Most of the Western experienceists have always been working hard to distinguish historiography with other disciplines，Build your own subject identity。Some historians of contemporary historians do not welcome philosophers as outsiders to draw their own disciplines，The discipline identity that is worried about the hard -working constructing will be disintegrated，Therefore, "Philosophy, please go away，We are the voices of historians "。In their opinion，Philosophy disasters instead of promoting their work。

Of course，The increasingly significant trend of interdisciplinary discipline today，More and more historians have recognized，The practice of setting up discipline barriers between history and philosophy is to be untenable。between philosophy and history，It should not be a zero -sum relationship of "less philosophy is less history"，It should be a mutual promotion relationship of collaborative symbiosis。Many great works，It is when the author does not realize the discipline boundary，Results of research on real problems。Marx、Turkan、Weber，They are philosophers at the same time、historians and sociologists。Post -structuralist Foucault，It is the attitude and method of Shizhe，I have proposed profound and novel insights on social and historical issues。Mr. He Zhaowu thinks，It is important to verify historical facts，But to achieve a true understanding of history requires the depth of philosophy。Liu Jiahe responded to the challenges of philosophers such as Hegel，A series of profound research results have been achieved in the field of Chinese and Western history。

The reason why historians "vigilance" of historical philosophy，One of the reasons is，They think that most historical philosophers come from philosophy，and lack of historical experience experience。Actually，The difference between historians and ordinary people is not as big as people imagine。As Kolin Wud said，History is the way everyone understands the present，It is also a means for everyone to deal with problems。Each of us has a certain degree of historical consciousness，All are the existence of history，This has nothing to do with whether it bet365 best casino games is a historian。Baker even said，From the perspective of history as a memory of the past，Everyone is his own historian。

The distance between historical philosophy and historians is also exaggerated。History theory of narrow sense，is the philosophy of history，Follow the prerequisite for the work of historians。Historical philosophy of historical theory or speculation，The necessary framework for historians to organize clutter historical experience，It is the prerequisite for another form。Whether it is the historical philosophy of speculation，Still history of philosophy，each has a turning point from freedom (potential) to self -(conscious)，The former starts from Augustine，The latter is much later，about the late 19th century。but but，Even in the free stage，The premise assumptions of the work of historian work，Also there is always present，Otherwise, even if it is not on the premise。Horodod and Shuxidad are writing history，The head must flash about "How to run the historical process"，and "What should be good in historical writing" and other simple concepts。So，The saying of imitating Becker，Everyone is his own historian，We also have reason to say，Historians are their own historical philosophers。

　"China Social Sciences":From the perspective of the relationship between historical entity and history，How do you understand the "scientific" of history? When we emphasize science，Is the theoretical door outside the door of history?

　　Dong Lihe:In people’s ideas，History is an empirical or empirical discipline。History theory or historical philosophy，It has more or less priority and transcendence，presents some kind of "top -down" externality。This is another reason why the historians maintain "vigilance" of historiography theory。

For the historical philosophy of speculative，Kant and Hegel and other great speculatives，To pursue unity and sense of meaning，historical facts that will intentionally or unintentionally damage or distort the experience of "pure"。But，History not only needs to be described by empirical categories，It also needs to be regulated with the category of the priority。Mr. Chen Xulu does not avoid the "speculation" characteristics of his history，His masterpiece "The metabolism of modern Chinese society" is loved by people。The "metabolism" theory used to explain the changes in modern Chinese society，Obviously from the field of biology。It can be said，Any historical theory has some positive and ideal。And，Even the seemingly plain and straightforward empirical concept，It is also difficult to avoid priority and universality。

The task of history of history is to reflect on the thinking characteristics of history differences from other disciplines，It can also be said that it is a "top -down" "from top to bottom" for the nature of history。For now，"History Philosophy" has three main forms: "Critical Historical Philosophy", "Analysis of Historical Philosophy" and "Postmodern History Philosophy"。The latter Bet365 lotto review two of them undoubtedly belong to the "top -down" historic understanding path。The core content coverage of "analysis of historical philosophy"，It is not a representative of Henpul, which is summarized by the actual historical interpretation，but the product of its scientific interpretation theory transplanted to the field of history; and the narrative theory and the theory of "postmodern historical philosophy"，It is not mainly from historical research itself，but originated from literary criticism theory。The ideological identification of "Critical Historical Philosophy" is historicism，It is designed to demonstrate the self -discipline of history，Therefore, it is indeed a historic philosophy of "native" in the history of history。But，Leather on "History is finally art"，It also starts from an external philosophical perspective，Review and compare the characteristics of history and natural sciences。As I mentioned earlier，The prerequisite for the premise of history or science or art obtained by these three historical philosophy hypothesis Once established，It will have a "top -down" specification and reference effect on the work of historians。

In short，The scientific methodology of history in the "arsenal"，In addition to experienced technical tools，More priority philosophical weapons。

　　Enhance theoretical consciousness

"China Social Sciences":Today, the academic community uses the historic consciousness of the construction of Chinese characteristics。Echo the mission with the times，What should be the theory of building Chinese characteristics?

　　Dong Lihe:Any subject，If you are self -proclaimed，Due to the Old，There will be a stagnation or even decreasing of intellectual productivity。As an empirical discipline that persisted with empirical facts，History is more likely to occur this internal volume phenomenon。Innovation of history，It is not from the accumulation and superposition of homogeneous knowledge，Instead from the collision and excitement of heterogeneous thoughts。The universalization of philosophy for individualization of history，can often achieve unexpected excitement effects。

Looking at the history of Western history since modern times，Revolution of several major historical practice，All are directly affected by philosophy directly or indirectly。At the end of the 18th century，Surprising historical philosophy of the unity of integration，stimulates people's dissatisfaction with the long chronicles。As Kolin Wud said，The concept of universal history broke the narrowness in history，Just as Newton's gravity theory finally broke the narrowness in astronomy。"Postmodern Historical Philosophy" from the second century "post -modern history philosophy"，Although there are such limitations，But also played a positive role in history。It advocates multiple and open，Encourage the historian to think of history，Conversion perspective，History has also glowed with vitality and vitality。History of New Culture、The rise and prosperity of the history of gender and the history Bet365 app download of colonial colonization，It has a lot to do with the inspiration of postmodernism。

Enter the 21st century，Western historian theorists while deepening post -modern issues，Also actively developing a new field of vision。Some scholars' sight began to shift from abstract language to vivid experience、Memory and Emotion，This leads to "steering of memory"，It has contributed to the great history of popular history and emotional history。Another，The trend of globalization and the big change of the century -long years，and the fragmented tendency of history itself，It also caused historical theorists to think about the historical philosophy of speculation and the nostalgia of overall concepts。The prevalence of the current global history and great history，and the revival of general history，How much is it in line with it。

The task and value of the theory of historical theory lies in，Revey the premise of the historian's mind，Make it a consciousness of people，in order to better study and write history。Facing the changing world situation，Contemporary China dedicated to national rejuvenation，Need to tell the story of your own nation，It is also necessary to tell a story that integrates development with other ethnic groups。For this，We urgently need to accelerate the construction of historic history with Chinese characteristics。In order to improve the persuasiveness in science，Enhance the right to speak in the international historian，Our historical science must have high theoretical consciousness。We not only know the reason or truth of the historical body，Also known。History "Body" requires "bones" and "soul"。Building a truly convincing historic theory is inseparable from historical theory。