Zhao Yisheng (1917-2007)，Original name Zhao Yan，Zi Li Sheng，Travel in the world with the word，Shandong Anqiu Ren。In 1934, he was admitted to the Department of Foreign Languages ​​of Tsinghua University，I went to Taiyuan to participate in the Anti -Japanese War when I did not graduate three years later。Leaving the army in 1939，Teach in Shaanxi No. 1 Middle School。In 1947, he was hired as an associate professor at the Department of Literature and History of Henan University，After the calendar as the Northeast Normal University、Shandong University、Professor of Lanzhou University。During teaching at Shandong University，It is one of the famous "Eight Professor" of the History Department。Zhao Yisheng's translation and creation of revolutionary literature in his early years，Later, dedicated to historical research，The scope of attention is wide。He is a famous Marxist historian，The foundation of the foundation for the history of farmers' war，In terms of the history of China's land system, its own research system。The book "History of Chinese Land System" consisting of "On the Essentials" and "Lecture"，It can reflect the unique style of its history。

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For ancient Chinese socio -economic history，Zhao Yisheng believes that "three turns" have appeared。The first turbine appeared in the turn of the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods，It is a turning point from the development of "industrial and commercial food officers" to the development of free business handicrafts。At this time, the well field system has been abolished，National land ownership in the Qin and Han dynasties、Large Land Private and Small Land Private Systems Joining the situation。Zhao Yisheng thinks，There are a large number of state -owned land during this period，The way it associates bet365 best casino games with the labor force mainly includes the country's field、Fake fields and military Tun fields。and the main people of the so -called large land ownership include three main people: "Haojia" and "Power Family" and the upper "Life Family"，Among them, "Hao Family" is the main。Small self -cultivated farmers reflect the private ownership of small land，At this time, they have gone out of the rural commune.，But it has not been banned by the "Tuweizi" circle in the Middle Ages。While getting rid of the binding of the commune, they also lost the protection of the commune，"Freedom" that enjoys the land of buying and selling land is also facing the risk of losing the basic living security of land。In short,，The private ownership of the land during this period has been legalized，It will inevitably impact state -owned land ownership in the process of deepening its own。

Zhao Yisheng's proposed，At the turn of the two men，Under the strong blow of the country and the destruction of the war，"Haojia" must not have the internal differentiation，Its "career" and social activities gradually shrink，Some people start to attach to "Power Home"。To the middle of the Eastern Han Dynasty，"speculative" landlord began to change to the "Tuwei" landlord。Small farmers in the court、Under the destruction of the strong squeezing and war, it gradually becomes a slave or a cream。After decades of war in the Yellow Turban Uprising，Make the grain and cloth replace the coins the most common exchange means。Business、Classical economic waves with more currencies are basically retreated，Middle -aged economy with Easy objects has reached the front desk of history，The second corner of the ancient socio -economic history that appeared in the middle of the Eastern Han Dynasty has been completely appeared since then。

Correspondingly，Ultra -economic compulsory development with personal attachment is gradually developed。Under this situation，Cao Weitun Tian、Several field systems of Zhanta and Northern Wei Dynasty in the Western Jin Dynasty bet365 best casino games appeared in succession。Zhao Yisheng thinks，Zhan Tian Law is the "dual -track system" of the "dual -track system" of the country Tuantian and small farmers in the countryside，and it has obvious continuity and inheritance between it and Juntian，The latter is the result of mature the former。

The 6th century after the following，Economic reality with the minimum currency circulation is forced to use land as the main payment method when trading，This is necessary to dig state -owned land and the "wall corner" of the uniform fields and become the main cause of the destruction of the average field。By the time the two tax laws in the middle of the Tang Dynasty began to implement，Breaking the closure of the natural economy，Currency exchange gradually increases、The third turning of the ancient socio -economic history of business handicrafts has begun to appear on the historical stage。Zhao Yisheng's proposed，Since then, after the "stronger's powerful can occupy the field" trend and the development of commercial currency recovery, the "rich man can buy fields" trends，The highly impacted universal field system finally collapsed，"Field system does not stand" since then became the basic land principle。

　　Understand the history of the land system from the "Asian production method"

Zhao Yisheng is "unfavorable" in the process of collecting ownership and public ownership of ancient China，That is, the intervention of the residual and state power of the commune and the state power of the land system is mixed to develop the research of land system history.。Brief words，The "Asian production method" that Marx said is the basic perspective of its research。

The well field system is the extremely important land system in Chinese history。Zhao Yisheng thinks，In its more typical Western Zhou Dynasty，The main feature of the well field system is the five characteristics of the "Asian production method" (ie, the land state -owned、Rural Commune、Rural Commune、One -one -one -one -in -one taxation of autocraticism and land rent)。but but，The well field system is no longer Bet365 app download a complete community collective ownership，Not a complete state -owned system，Because the national machine and its ability to intervene in the central authoritarianism have not yet matured。and the land belongs to private ownership during the well field period、Listening to private treatment or even buying and selling has basically never happened。Therefore，Jingtian System may only be an incomplete commune ownership and incomplete "king" with a mixture with noble ownership。

The country will no longer establish the field system after the unclean system is disintegrated，Therefore, Zhao Yisheng believes that the main characteristics of land economy during the Song Dynasty were mergers。Generally speaking，The trend of "nobles can occupy the field" is obviously weakened，The mainstream phenomenon is "the rich can buy fields"。Separation of national tax and land rent under the separation of Guantian Private Tian，It also reduces the "Asian" characteristics of the land -rented taxi union.。and the so -called official Tian's private fieldization and the private rent of the official rent，is one of the important features of the land relationship between the two Song Dynasty。By the Jinyuan Dynasties，Due to the intervention of politics and military power with national colors，The change rate of land ownership is very large。A large number of private fields often suddenly become official field，Then it becomes a large and small military nobles with military power.。Accompanied by it is a serious impact of civilian identity，People who transformed into "slavery" increased unprecedented，Various "households" with political and military attributes also increased greatly。But Zhao Yisheng thinks，Three Dynasties in Liao Jinyuan，The "Asian" features on the land issue have not recovered，Because the above changes are the result of strong intervention of political and military power，instead of economic factors have fundamental changes，Therefore, it is easier to turn faster。

Bet365 lotto review The personal attachment system of the Yuan Dynasty left a profound brand of "posting forces" in the early Ming Dynasty，In addition to the influence of Zhu Yuanzhang's personal factors limited by the times，The autocraticism of the country in the early Ming Dynasty is greatly strengthened，The proportion of land state -owned system is greatly increased compared to the Song Dynasty。Zhao Yisheng thinks，The "Asian" composition in the land system in the early Ming Dynasty has significantly increased。Hongxi、After relaxing the thawing of Xuande years，Land mergers gradually become mad。From the beginning of Jiajing to the end of Wanli，Experiment of the adjustment adjustment gradually expand，The total tendency is to draw by field soil and human diced，"One Pleing Method" from this surface。to Kangxi in the Qing Dynasty、During the Yongzheng period，The "stall into the acre" and "Ding Dingyi" in the pilot inherit the spirit of the "one whip method"，Continue to relax the forced laborers，"Ding Yin" (head tax) began to become historical nouns。During the Daoguang Year，The last land system adjustment and reform movement of this ancient China is generally implemented，The pre -modern time of the "Asian production method" is over to this end。

　　Theoretical innovation and "combination of history theory"

Looking back on the "three turns" of Zhao Yisheng from the history of ancient socio -economic history，Especially Marx's "Asian production method" theoretical research cut into the land system history research，It can be found that he often uses concepts such as "private ownership", "state -owned system", "rural commune", "compulsory", and "identity" to define historical phenomena。Zhao Yisheng is deeply influenced by Marxist theory，Apply theoretically to specific research。

As you can see the traces of the "Asian production method" in the well field system, you can see，His point of view has been different from the classic "Asian" theory that regards "land state" and "rural commune" as one，But the individual and identity Bet365 lotto review contained in this theory、The "whole" of the characteristics of compulsory and attachment -the relationship between traditional society is deeply grasped。About here，Marx made a classic assertion in its economics manuscripts: "The more we go back to history，Personal，is the individual who produces production，The less independent it is，The more it belongs to a larger overall。"Zhao Yisheng proposed to get rid of the pure private property influenced by the ancient community (that is, commune) and national power，China may never produce in China before the Opium War and even land reform，The creative use of this assertion。Speaking，The power to tease private property reflected in the land system has existed in ancient China。That seems to，Zhao Yisheng combed the evolution of the land system through the important concept of the "private ownership" of the "private ownership"，The most concerned is the issue of the traditional social constraints such as the private ownership of "Asia"。

Zhao Yisheng's research has his own problem consciousness。He always starts from the issue of the overall history of the involvement，It is believed that it is necessary to study the history of the land system from the two directions of "the theory of history" and "the on the history of the history"，Because the combination of the two is the "combination of history theory"。About "Bringing the History of Bring"，He believes that people who bring a theory with the theory are not good for those who are trapped in trivial evidence，Of course, this does not mean that you can "discuss the history of generations"。

It can be seen from the above basic connotation，Research on the History of the Land System of Zhao Yisheng is the model of "combination of history theory"，This may be due to his philosophical hobbies and thinking methods to some extent，Can "think about" the problem。History of the evolution of land ownership through the concept of "private ownership"，It is not indulged in the cumbersome evidence of the so -called "historical facts"，The theoretical bet365 Play online games preaching that is not flowing in the empty hole，Instead, pay attention to the "combination of history theory"，Positioning the real problem in the infiltration of materials and theory，Then solve the problem in depth like pumping cocoon。

　　(Author Unit: School of Social History, Fujian Normal University)