Zhao Lisheng (1917-2007)，formerly known as Zhao Zong，Zi Lisheng，Walking in the world with words，People from Anqiu, Shandong。Admitted to the Department of Foreign Languages, Tsinghua University in 1934，He went to Taiyuan to participate in the Anti-Japanese War before graduating three years later。Left the army due to illness in 1939，Teaching at a middle school in Shaanxi。In 1947, he was appointed as an associate professor in the Department of Literature and History of Henan University，Later served as Northeast Normal University、Shandong University、Professor of Lanzhou University。While teaching at Shandong University，One of the famous "Eight Professors" in the Department of History。Zhao Lisheng was engaged in the translation and creation of revolutionary literature in his early years，Later devoted to historical research，Wide scope of concern。He is a famous Marxist historian，Contributed to pioneering and laying the foundation for the history of peasant wars，Established its own research system on the history of China’s bet365 joining bonus code system。The book "History of China's bet365 joining bonus code System" composed of "Essentials" and "Lectures"，It reflects his unique style of governing history。

　“Three Turns” and changes in the bet365 joining bonus code system

For the social and economic history of ancient China，Zhao Lisheng believes that there have been “three turning points”。The first turning point appeared at the turn of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period，It is a turning point in the development from "industrial and commercial food officials" to free commercial handicrafts。At this time, the well-field system has been abolished，State bet365 joining bonus code ownership appeared during the Qin and Han Dynasties、The coexistence of private ownership of large bet365 joining bonus code and private ownership of small bet365 joining bonus code。Zhao Lisheng thinks，There was a large amount of state-owned bet365 joining bonus code during this period，The way it is connected with the labor force mainly includes bet365 joining bonus code granting by the state、Fake farmland and military farmland。There are three main families that embody the so-called large bet365 joining bonus code ownership system: the "rich family", the "power family" and the upper-class "ming family"，Most of them are "rich families"。Small landowners embody the private ownership of small bet365 joining bonus code，At this time, they have walked out of the confinement of rural communes，But it has not yet been banned by the "Tuweizi" in the medieval period。While getting rid of the shackles of the commune, they also lost the protection of the commune，While enjoying the "freedom" to buy and sell bet365 joining bonus code, we also face the risk of losing bet365 joining bonus code, the basic guarantee of life。In short，Private ownership of bet365 joining bonus code has been legalized during this period，In the process of deepening itself, it will inevitably impact the state-owned bet365 joining bonus code ownership system。

Proposed by Zhao Lisheng，At the turn bet365 joining bonus code Han Dynasty，Under the strong attack bet365 joining bonus code country and the destruction bet365 joining bonus code war，“Wealthy families” cannot but undergo internal differentiation，The amount of his “career” and social activities has gradually shrunk，Some people began to attach themselves to the "power family"。To the middle bet365 joining bonus code Eastern Han Dynasty，The "speculative" type of landlords began to transform into the "Tuweizi" type of landlords。Small farmers working in the imperial court、Under the oppression of powerful forces and the devastation of war, they gradually become slaves or refugees。The decades-long war after the Yellow Turban Uprising had a devastating blow to agricultural production and commercial exchange，Making grain and cloth the most popular means of exchange instead of coins。Business、The classical economic wave with relatively frequent currency has basically receded，The medieval natural economy of barter has come to the forefront of history，The second turning point in ancient social and economic history that emerged from the middle bet365 joining bonus code Eastern Han Dynasty has since been fully revealed。

Corresponding to this，Super-economic coercion represented by personal dependence gradually developed。In this situation，Cao Wei Tuntian、Several bet365 joining bonus code systems such as bet365 joining bonus code occupation in the Western Jin Dynasty and bet365 joining bonus code equalization in the Northern Wei Dynasty appeared one after another。Zhao Lisheng thinks，The bet365 joining bonus code Occupation Law is a compromise between the overly draconian Farming Law and a leveling of the "dual-track system" in which state farming and small farmers and rural areas run in parallel，There is obvious continuity and inheritance between it and Juntian，The latter is the result of the maturity of the former。

The following 6 centuries，The economic reality of minimum currency circulation forces bet365 joining bonus code to be the main means of payment in transactions，This will inevitably dig into the "corners" of state-owned bet365 joining bonus code and the equalization of bet365 joining bonus code system and become the main reason for the destruction of the equalization of bet365 joining bonus code system。In the mid-Tang Dynasty, the Two Tax Laws came into effect，Break through the barriers of natural economy，Currency exchanges are gradually increasing、The third turning point in ancient social and economic history with the gradual development of commercial and handicraft industries has begun to appear on the stage of history。Proposed by Zhao Lisheng，Since then, under the dominance of the trend of "the rich can occupy bet365 joining bonus code" and the trend of "the rich can buy bet365 joining bonus code" after the recovery of commercial currency，The hard-hit equalization system finally collapsed，“The bet365 joining bonus code system is not established” has since become the basic bet365 joining bonus code principle。

　　Understanding the history of bet365 joining bonus code system from the "Asiatic mode of production"

Zhao Lisheng was “unfavorable” during the disintegration of collective bet365 joining bonus code ownership and public ownership in ancient China，That is, the private ownership of bet365 joining bonus code is mixed with the remnants of communes and the intervention of state power to conduct research on the history of the bet365 joining bonus code system。In short，The "Asiatic mode of production" mentioned by Marx is the basic perspective of his research。

The well-field system is an extremely important bet365 joining bonus code system in Chinese history。Zhao Lisheng thinks，In the Western Zhou Dynasty when its performance was more typical，The main characteristics of the well-field system are the five characteristics of the "Asiatic production mode" (i.e. state-owned bet365 joining bonus code、Irrigation、Rural commune、The rural commune in the unity of absolutism and bet365 joining bonus code rent and taxation。However，The well-field system is no longer a complete commune collective ownership，It is not completely state-owned either，Because the central authoritarian state apparatus and its ability to interfere with ownership have not yet matured。During the well-field system, bet365 joining bonus code was owned by private individuals、Leave it to private matters and even sales almost never happen。Therefore，The well-field system can only be a mixture of incomplete commune ownership and incomplete "king" ownership and aristocratic ownership。

After the disintegration of the equal bet365 joining bonus code system, the country will no longer establish the bet365 joining bonus code system，Therefore, Zhao Lisheng believes that the main feature of the bet365 joining bonus code economy in the Song Dynasty was bet365 joining bonus code annexation。Overall，The trend of "the rich and powerful can occupy the bet365 joining bonus code" has obviously weakened，The mainstream phenomenon is that "the rich can buy bet365 joining bonus code if they have money"。Separation of national tax and bet365 joining bonus code rent under the separation of official and private bet365 joining bonus code，It also makes the "Asiatic" characteristics of integrating bet365 joining bonus code rent, state tax, etc.。The so-called privatization of official bet365 joining bonus code and the privatization of official rent，It is one of the important characteristics of the bet365 joining bonus code relationship between the two Song Dynasties。In the Jin and Yuan dynasties，Due to frequent interference from political and military powers with national overtones，The rate of change in bet365 joining bonus code ownership is large。A large amount of private bet365 joining bonus code often suddenly turns into official bet365 joining bonus code，Then through military merit rewards, it becomes bet365 joining bonus code occupation and bet365 joining bonus code grant for military nobles of all sizes。Along with this, the identity of civilians has been seriously affected，The number of people transformed into “slaves” has increased as never before，The names and colors of various "households" with political and military affiliations have also greatly increased。But Zhao Lisheng thinks，Through the three dynasties of Liao, Jin and Yuan，The "Asiatic" character in bet365 joining bonus code issues has not been restored，Because the above changes are the result of the strong intervention of political and military power，Non-economic factors have fundamentally changed，So it is faster and easier to turn around。

The personal dependence system of the Yuan Dynasty left a deep imprint of "attaching to the army" in the early Ming Dynasty，Coupled with the influence of Zhu Yuanzhang’s personal factors that were limited by the times，The country’s authoritarianism was greatly strengthened in the early Ming Dynasty，The proportion of state-owned bet365 joining bonus code has greatly increased compared with the Song Dynasty。Zhao Lisheng thinks，The "Asia" component of the bet365 joining bonus code system in the early Ming Dynasty increased significantly。Hong Xi、After the relaxation of the freeze during the Xuande period，bet365 joining bonus code annexation gradually became rampant。From the beginning of Jiajing to the end of Wanli，The experiment of tax adjustment gradually begins，The general tendency is to draw based on bet365 joining bonus code and population，The "One Whip Method" emerges from history。To Kangxi in the Qing Dynasty、Yongzheng period，The pilot projects of "dividing a small area into an acre" and "integrating a small area into one area" inherit the spirit of the "one whip method"，Continue to relax labor force requirements，"Ding Yin" (head tax) began to become a historical term。To the Daoguang period，This last bet365 joining bonus code system adjustment and reform movement in ancient China was generally implemented，This is the end of the pre-modern days of the “Asiatic mode of production”。

　　Theoretical innovation and "combination of history and theory"

Reviewing Zhao Lisheng’s “Three Turns” in Ancient Social and Economic History，Especially the study of the history of the bet365 joining bonus code system based on Marx’s “Asiatic Mode of Production” theory，It can be found that he often uses concepts such as "private ownership", "state ownership", "rural communes", "coercion" and "identity" to define relevant historical phenomena。Zhao Lisheng was deeply influenced by Marxist theory，Creatively apply theory to specific research。

As seen when analyzing the traces of the "Asiatic production method" in the well-field system，His views are different from the classic "Asiatic" theory that regards "state ownership of bet365 joining bonus code" and "rural communes" as one entity，But the individual and identity contained in this theory、The "whole" of coercive and dependent characteristics - the relationship between traditional society is deeply grasped by it。About this，Marx once made a classic statement in his economics manuscript: "The further we go back in history，Individual，That is, the individual who produces，The less independent it appears，The more subordinate it is to a larger whole。"Pure private property proposed by Zhao Lisheng that is free from the influence of ancient communities (i.e. communes) and state power，I’m afraid China never existed before the Opium War or even the bet365 joining bonus code reform，It is a creative application of this assertion。In a nutshell，The problem of power over private property reflected in the bet365 joining bonus code system has always existed in ancient China。So it seems，Zhao Lisheng sorts out the evolution of the bet365 joining bonus code system through "private ownership", an important concept of Marxist political economy，What is most concerning is the issue of private ownership breaking away from the shackles of traditional societies such as "Asia"。

Zhao Lisheng’s research has its own problem awareness。He always starts from issues related to overall history，I believe that the history of the bet365 joining bonus code system should be studied from two directions: "taking theory to inform history" and "taking theory from history"，Because the combination of the two is a "combination of history and theory"。About “Talking History”，He believes that it is helpful to use theory to guide people who are stuck in trivial textual research，Of course, this does not mean that we can "replace history with theory"。

It can be seen from the basic connotation mentioned above，Zhao Lisheng’s research on the history of bet365 joining bonus code system is a model of “combination of history and theory”，This may be due to his philosophical preferences and way of thinking to some extent，Be able to “think through” the problem。He connected the history of the evolution of bet365 joining bonus code ownership through the concept of "private ownership"，Neither indulge in cumbersome textual research on so-called "historical facts"，Not just empty theoretical preaching，But focus on “combination of history and theory”，Locating real problems in the mutual infiltration of materials and theory，Then solve the problem in depth like peeling off the cocoon。

　　(Author’s unit: School of Social History, Fujian Normal University)