■ 2017，Professor Deng Qiyao interviewed an old artist who was engaged in kite production。Author/Figure Figure

Non -text writing in the long period of non -text era、"Writing" history in the vast world of non -text people。Non -text writing era objects、Image，such as cave painting、Rock murals, etc.，In exploring the origin of human civilization and the visual display it generated、The means of human civilization inheritance and the transmission of human knowledge have important value。

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"There is history"，Generally refers to the history recorded in text，"Prehistoric" refers to the era when humans produced to text。​​So the history of governance pays more attention to the history of text，Called "Xin History"。

Traditional history attaches great importance to classic literature and archeological information，History anthropology found the value of folk literature through field inspections，Folklores prefer the cultural ecology of oral text and the world of life，These are important basic information of academic research。But the research results of a large number of archeology and image history indicate，Human beings before the history recorded in text，History and inheritance knowledge recorded in other ways。Humanology and folklore also have many field cases，Prove that there are in those who have no text or text groups，Non -text "Writing" is still a history of memorate、A way of passing love。

Natural objects are the medium that humans originally used。There are stones at the end of the ready -to -hand、Shell、Bone of leaves and certain animals、Tooth、Corner、Yu, etc.，Only by changing the spatial relationship (such as the Boulder Array、Dashi Tomb) or gives a certain form of meaning to natural objects to convey the meaning of the meaning (such as Shenshan、Holy Lake、Lingshu)。There are many physical symbols that disappear because they cannot be stored for a long time，If some plants and animal objects symbols。But refer to anthropological field inspections and national history、Folklore information，We can still see living cultural relics，Ru Shenmu worship、Carving Wooden Notes、Leaf letter、Feather Letter、Beast Tooth Disposal, etc.。These objects pass through the "point of"，It is no longer a normal natural thing，Instead, it has a cultural or conceptual expression letter or witchcraft magic function，That is "the meaning of the object"，Its space construction、Meaning the symbolization method of the object，It is an important physical evidence for studying the process of human cognition and its thinking formation。

Another way to use more artificial "artistic" medium，It is the image of the object of the image。For example, use a natural shape similar to a certain animal to a natural shape to depict，Add a certain three -dimensional meaning to two -dimensional space，Bet365 lotto review Form a semi -three -dimensional rock painting，Such as 14,000 years ago in the site of the Altamra cave in northern Spain，Its body partly uses the protruding shape of the rock;，Giving meaning，If the footprint -like dentation on the stone is popular in many places, the "adult trace" myth，Putting natural stalactites、Stone seams, such as stone ancestors who are deemed to be reproductive worship。There are also slightly carved on the stone，Transformed into a human soul -shaped soul -shaped due to the phase of wood and stone，Such as a common stone man like Northwest Grassland，The soul pile popular in the Southwest nation、Zhai Xin Pi or Zhaimen Carving, etc.;，Let the cliff wall float forever with fantasy facial shadows (such as rock carved and rock paintings)。Compared to stones that are not easy to move，Image media convenience and province，You don't have to worry about it and carry it with you in a difficult migration (of course，Stone with special sacred meaning except，If the Dai people carry a symbol of Kunlun Mountain and the ancestral bone bodies, they migrate south);，The image medium is preserved longer，It can spread or surpass the current time and space transmission。In the era of extensive use of objectives and desires, or in groups that are still used to some extent,，To avoid deformation and disappearance of vulnerable objects such as leaves，Draw an important image used to refer to things into images or color morals，Fix it、programming，It should be a logical development trend，If worship Baishi、White Tiger、White God's、White、Naxi and other ethnic groups will derive worship into white，and will be regarded as auspicious flowers, birds, insects and beast maps on clothes，The craftsmanship traditional in many nations。These situations，It may be a conversion form of objective image of the objective image。The intention of the object of the object to become the meaning of the image，This is the beginning of the symbol，It is also the beginning of art。

Except the above categories，Of course, human beings also have other cultural inheritance methods，Such as audio inheritance (including music and various sound symbols)、Body inheritance (such as dance、Gesture、body language)、Tentile Inheritance (such as the sign language hidden in the sleeves in the transaction)、Behavioral inheritance (such as rituals), etc.，They are music anthropology、Feeling anthropology、Objects of the theoretical research of art anthropology and rituals，At the same time is the topic of visual anthropology (such as about body posture、Emoticon、Face、Gesture、ritual behavior, etc.)。

Obviously，Humanity through objective image or image records、Save and spread information，Create a series of visual symbols and produce a history of narrative visual cultural behavior，In the era of text records, it has begun a long time ago。Extra the space of natural stones refers to，Through plants、Shell or animal bone、Tooth、Corner、The processing combination of feathers performed bet365 live casino games objectives，Drawing the real objects and illusion of imagery、shaped image narrative，Through dance、Rites and other dynamic actions to perform trends and behavior meanings，It is an important content of the so -called "prehistoric" human and non -text ethnic cultural history，And once became the mainstream writing and inheritance method; when text becomes an important information dissemination symbol of human beings, it is all over the world，There are some groups，Especially the non -text nation，still uses objects or charts as special symbols for transmitting information，Ruye letter、Seeking the object of the evil spirits、clothing pattern and accessories、Dance and ritual。This is the group information of visual anthropology to human beings and through visual symbol records、Storage、Research Interest of the Methods and Visual Cultural Behavior of Profile Information。

According to the author’s field observation，Dulong tribe、Keino、Jingpo family、Dulong tribe、Hani、Brown、Miao people、Fuzu、Li and other ethnic groups，Use the image (such as the carved wood knot or the leaf letter) to make an event record、Data Record、Symbol of meaning and information transmission，It is a way to send or notes in the past，Now still use some specific occasions。In the place where these nation lives，If a wooden pile is nailed to the wasteland，Even the grass label is inserted on the cow dung，That is what the Lord means; if a tree in a mountain forest or a temple is tied to a rattan or red line，It has the meaning of praying for marriage and well -being; and combining with different types of plants or other objects，can become a clear -meaning leaf letter; even if it is economically developed、The coastal area of ​​the popularity of text，Methods endorsed or symbolized，Still in the festival、Festival and other folk customs exist，As Cantonese New Year，Every family wants to put gold and orange、Chrysanthemum、Lettuce and other plants with harmonious sounds such as "Ji", "Fa", "Fortune"，For "good intentions"。

Many ethnic minorities without text，Their cultural heritage and narrative traditions are very special。They use myth、Epic、Ballad and other forms，Oral transmission to describe your culture; use images、Shape、Body and other forms，Eye transmission expresses your own culture。There are also many "text" but not yet formed, but early in memory、Narrative and expressive images，It has been appreciated by people as "national art"。For example, national costume，If you only see their practical functions and aesthetic functions，Obviously not enough。In the cultural traditions of these nations，Clothing is the identity identity of different social characters，Beautiful embroidery is a word for blessing，Is a magic weapon for evil spirits，is a description of the history of the ethnic group。

■ 2019，Professor Liu Zhiwei visited the old man who sold the "Polo" during the "Polo Birth" of the South China Sea Temple in Guangzhou。Author/Figure Figure

　　Writing non -text provides more information for historical research

Many of us will not be so sensitive to non -text content，From a large number of specific instances listed above，We know how anthropologists get historical understanding from non -text historical materials，It also solved the questions in our hearts，How to deal with the various text materials collected in the field have not been presented or forgotten.，How do they confirm and supplement each other with the history of text records，Therefore, people realize the diversity of culture and history that cannot be presented in text records。

First，Historical records of these non -text，or historical information、Historical expression，It is very different from our common historical science，Especially it has changed the way we used to build our memory through historical narrative。This paradigm does bring a great impact。We call the era without text as prehistoric era，Consider society and culture without text as a social and cultural without history。Why does it form such a fixed understanding of history? Human history is very long，But the history of text records is only thousands of years，This means that there is no memory for prehistoric most of the time。People's initial understanding of history refers to historical history recorded and inherited，The history of text is called history，Is a national memory。But who will remember history? What do you remember?。With the development of archeology，By the mid -to -late 19th century，"Prehistoric History" research prompted us to include prehistoric research in our historical research。Memory is not only national will，At the same time, it is also a kind of experience and exertion of our human life and culture，Save the diversity of life，Let our lives have more meaning。So the historical memory of this time has far exceeded the history of our human beings.。People cannot remember without memory，We need to save memory in various ways，This is why historians need to be like anthropologists、Folk practitioners pay attention to things that pay attention to non -text history。Because historical research itself needs this transformation，Otherwise, it will be separated from this era。

As a scholar，How to apply the cultural history of non -text writing to the research of history and reconstruct historical understanding?

The difficulty we often encounter is how to process the materials recorded in text，Converted into text expressions。I think，History scholars need to be with anthropozoa in this regard、Common cooperation between folk scholars。The memory of the non -text method is compared to the memory of the text，It has different value and meaning。The symbols on the clothing can be continuously superimposed according to different historical periods and concepts，Of course, the text can also be superimposed，But the superposition of text is often controlled in the hands of the power，The superposition of symbols often condenses the memory of people of different eras。For historical research，We can find the context Bet365 app download of time from this superposition，Looking for those history that has been forgotten by text，This is very important。

For example, the stele of the Pearl River Delta in South China、Local Zhi, etc.，Memory recorded by these texts，Most of them are written by text writers based on the conceptual structure that recorded from text records，History is here to present structured expression。This area originally experienced a process with local indigenous people and culture entering the national system，This process is written through text，presents very strong、A long -lasting、A consistent social and historical memory。Facing this characteristic of recorded historical memory in the face，Historian scholars learn from the experience of human scholars to introduce non -text writing historical materials，From the countryside and even the wilderness，From material and non -material cultural relics，Discovery and sort out various information retained through non -text，It is possible to form a historical understanding that transcends text memory。For example，From the mountains in the mountains and the Shatin Water Border Community，Stones are common、Earth bag、Altar、Temple and other forms of sacrifice symbols，It can clearly present the historical logic of this transformation。I saw a large stone on the mountain in a village in a village in Uenashuo in the past few years，Use a door frame in front of the stone with a door frame of a house，There are four large characters "X's Ancestral Hall" on the forehead of the door frame，There is a couplet on both sides。Villagers said，This is their ancestral hall。Then go there again，The door frame in front of the big stone was removed，Build a standardized ancestral hall in the lower mountains，The stone inlaid inlaid on the stone was moved to the new building as the door。Here，We saw the historical and cultural expression of the text symbol，I see the historical significance of non -text symbols。This experience，It is difficult to make a difference in traditional historical methods，But we learn anthropological field methods，Analysis of the deep understanding of culture，It is possible to get more historical information in the symbols of text and non -text。

　　Non -text writing presents the diversity of cultural expression

History research does have some problems to reflect。There are a lot of obscure in the seemingly written historical data、Traces of tampering，Therefore, it can be said，History is constructed to a certain extent，There are many real historical memories but have been forgotten。Guanshi should have more angles、More possibilities。We can't generalize everything about everything，Need to maintain sufficient questioning of the history of the text，Similarly，The same question of information and images of oral dictation。

Cultural community includes the symbol of cultural life that we shared。For example，Since the Ming and Qing Dynasties，Chinese ethnic minorities in clothing、Music and other aspects Bet365 lotto review reflect the diversity of cultural integration。What we want to think about is how to get from different disciplines、Find a history of forgetting to be forgotten by different angles，or the modified memory。In the past, text test was used as the standard，Wang Guowei proposed a dual evidence method，Added archeological content。Archeology has made important supplements to restore history，Someone later proposed triple evidence、Quartet evidence，For example, image、Oral, etc.。evidence is no longer single，It helps to restore the truth of history。

With the development of historical anthropology，A large number of abandoned "text in the wild" shows a certain value。Historical anthropologists search for scattered folk documents in the field，Such as a contract、Stele carrier、Home Book, etc.，Reconstruction of the history of folk economy through them、History of Culture、History of customs、The vivid chapter of the history of religious history。In addition，Visual Literature，Such as the ancestor in the family genealogy、Picture book national folklore (such as "?" Some pictures "," Zhuyi Pictures "," Guangyu Victory "," Bai Miao Map "," Fan Vulgar Picture "," Li Min Tu ", etc.、Shenlu Map during the funeral、Folk sacrifice method uses hand -painted long volumes (such as the Yao "Meishan Map") or carved woodcut paper prints (such as paper and horse).，etc.，They can become a written literature、Historical materials for complementary archaeological relics and oral materials。

"Text in the Field" in this area，Of course not only worthy of historical attention from history，It should be a job in visual anthropological scores。For visual anthropology，Its task lies in studying the visual expression and cultural communication from "Others", "Different Culture" and folks，Its field inspection material is a variety of space meanings、Non -text information such as objects and image narratives，The "art" it focuses on is folk art or national art。I used to be in the Miao national、The pattern of the elderly in Jingpo people read the national costume，They said, "Remember the world on the tube skirt，That is the word written by ancestors "。The story described by the clothing pattern compares the epic from generation to generation，Even compared with some ancient historical materials and traditional customs, look at，I found that they have strong interoperability，Mutual testimony of each other。

Obviously，In the era of no text and non -text nation，Oral transmission or image, etc.，is the main way for information dissemination，From this, we are now called myths、Legend、Ancient Song、Epic、Rumor proverbs and symbolic objects、Images and rituals are cultural heritage for basic content。Oral history and way of narrative，In the past is a way for historical writing and knowledge inheritance，Now for some non -text nations，It is still a way for historical writing and knowledge inheritance，Have specific cultural functions。

If the content of the book described is based Bet365 app download on the research culture，It will find that many cultural things are lost outside the "cultural history" of common sense and frame;，It will also find countless civilization or cultural types，It was drawn before and outside history。From this view，Define whether "cultural history" or "history of civilization"，Is a one -sided view of history。Those so -called "prehistoric" or "art" behavior in the era of religion，Due to its mental and symbolic characteristics，In fact, it marks the true origin of human history。Archeology、Anthropology、A large number of example proofs of ethnicology and folklore，The era of non -text writing，It is a human history stage that is much earlier than the era of text。Extension until now，Some non -text ethnic groups still exist in a large number of non -text writing behaviors。We should not take this kind of cultural writing behavior occupying this type of human life，Exclude before or outside the history of cultural。

In the history of human civilization and academic history，Text narrative has always been strong。People understand history，For a long time，All history described by text，But "Shin History" failed to believe it。It is in the multi -as -as -as -as content that constitutes human civilization，Often only one of them。This history is not a complete history，Of course, it cannot fully reflect the complex face of history。

Diversity of culture，Not only the diversity of cultural types，It should also be the diversity of cultural expression，Not only the expression of expression and oral history，There should be a tradition of expression of "image history" in the history of text history。That is to say，Not only the history of human civilization is multi -faceted，methods and theories of narrative and research history are also diverse。

　　(This article is the major project of the National Social Science Foundation "Research on China Religious Art Heritage Survey and Digital Storage and Settlement" (11&ZD185)、"Overseas Tibetan Rare Chinese Folk Literature and Cultural Relics Materials、Research and Database Construction "(16ZDA163) phased results)

(Author Unit: Visual Culture Research Center of Guangzhou Academy of Fine Arts; Department of History at Sun Yat -sen University)