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In recent years，Affected by the long -term continuous low fertility rate and the impact of the average expectation life expectancy of the population，The population age structure of many European and American countries is changing，The problem of aging population is increasingly appearing。This not only systematically affects the socio -economic structure of these countries，It also brought a certain pressure to their pension guarantee system。To enhance the sustainability of social welfare protection，Some European and American countries have begun to change its pension guarantee system。This article intends to make a brief analysis of the main characteristics of its relevant reform measures。

　　Use insurance actuaries to strengthen protection fairness

The endowment security system is through the economy、Measures in medical and social services，System that provides social protection and social assistance for the elderly who exit the labor field or the elderly without labor。The basis of the pension guarantee system is the public pension system，The main body is the pension insurance system。The pension system of European countries can be roughly divided into the following two bet365 Play online games models: Bismarck models that are characterized by the current social endowment insurance system as the main characteristics and the Bellyi model characterized by multiple pillar pension systems as the main characteristics。The main difference between the two is the status of the public pension insurance plan and the professional pension plan in the pension system。

Insurance actuaries are based on the basic principles and knowledge of economics，Use modern mathematics methods，Analyze and evaluate the future financial risks of various related economic activities and put forward the handling opinions，Especially for the comprehensive application science of quantitative interpretation of uncertain future events。

Some European countries have reserved adjustment space when designing the pension guarantee system at the beginning，They are using these spaces to strengthen insurance actuaries，with a view to better guarantee the supply of labor，and further distinguish the insurance payment and tax in nature。There are three main factors for these countries to determine the level of people's pensions: the income level when the insured person has the highest income in his career、The income level when the insured person pays the highest amount or the income level at the end of the career of the insured。other，There are also some people who can enjoy a special treatment related to specific events bet365 Play online games or do not require personal payment。Now with the help of insurance actuaries，These countries have adjusted relevant policies，Changed to evaluate the pension level that should be enjoyed according to the average income of the insured person in the entire career，and cancel various special treatment。Germany and Sweden can be regarded as representatives of such countries。

To work hard to ensure that the relevant system can provide sufficient guarantee，Expansion of the impact of these systems on social wealth re -distribution，The United Kingdom, etc., as a country with one -time pension as a pillar of public pension guarantee，It also changed its system。From 2002，Britain has strengthened the importance of basic public pensions，and greatly modified the legal framework for supplementing public pensions (also known as the second public pension)，reduced the relationship between the latter and personal income; and through various measures，Reduce the national insurance tax for those who choose to withdraw from those who supplement the public pension system，Similar principles are even applicable to supplementary pensions obtained by people through private institutions。

　　Method of changing the treatment of pension treatment

For a long time，Many European and American countries have established pension index adjustment mechanisms，You can follow the salary index、Consumer Price Index or comprehensive use of these two indexes Bet365 lotto review to adjust the public pension plan。As an important part of the relevant national pension plan，The main role of this mechanism is to determine the treatment that the insured person should enjoy。The pension treatment of the insured person is determined in an indexed manner，in order to provide a certain amount of pension，or more precisely，Provide a certain level of retirement treatment。Then use the adjustment of the payment rate or tax rate to alleviate the pressure of capital。Countries can also control the level of public pension expenditure by changing the index standards they chose。Under this policy thinking，In recent years，Germany shifted from the total salary index to the use of net salary index，France shifted from the use salary index to the two indexes of mixed use of wages and prices (first use the salary index to evaluate the treatment that individuals should enjoy，Adjust the rating of the consumer price index every year according to the consumer price index)，The British shift from the consumer price index to the basis for adjusting the main salary index。

As a new strategy to deal with the problem of aging population，Some countries have formulated a nominal payment determined pension plan。In the relevant plan，People have determined the highest level of payment rate，Turn the level of treatment into endogenous variables，and comprehensively consider factors such as the payment rate and the population support Bet365 app download ratio to determine how much the beneficiary can get。Italy and Sweden have determined to use nominal payment to determine the pension plan，Germany introduces population factors through its index formula，Established an institutional arrangement between the traditional treatment determined pension plan and the nominal payment determination pension plan。

　　From the current collection and payment system to the fund system

When the problem of aging population has just appeared，Many scholars think，With the deepening of population aging，The yield of the existing pension plan will be reduced，It may even continue to be lower than the actual interest rate of the market for a long time。Therefore, they recommend changing the fund -type pension plan，Think that doing this may bring more benefits，At the same time, it can alleviate capital pressure。Strengthen the use of insurance actuaries bet365 best casino games in the public pension plan，and the transfer and implementation of the payment determined pension plan，All products inspired by private fund -made pensions。

Because the fund -type pension plan can expand the share of pension income，So，There are also some countries to develop in this direction，Establish a "Population Cushion Fund"。United States、Finland、Ireland and Spain have formulated a new compulsory plan as a supplement to public pensions，Danish、Sweden、Germany and France add some voluntary clauses about private subsidies bet365 best casino games in the public pension plan，It aims to replace some compulsory public pension regulations，Make sure that individuals really participate in。

But the current payment pension plan reflects the distribution efficiency between intergenerations to some extent，It is an intergenerational wealth transfer system，completely transform the current pension plan for the payment of the payment type into a fund -type pension plan，It may damage the interests of a generation and even several generations。The problem related to the aging of the population is to be shared by more people、Solved。At the same time, it should be noted that the large -scale population aging may lead to a problem with the fund pension plan。other，It is also necessary to consider how to protect the fund from the impact of various financial risks，Copy market risks through prudent supervision，In order to better play the role of the fund as supplementing the aging society in an aging society。

　(This article is the general project of the National Social Science Foundation "Decrease in Fertility and Prolonging the Expert Life Examination Under the Dual constraints of the Pension Insurance System" (16BRK016) phased results)

(Author Unit: School of Economics and Business Administration, Heilongjiang University)