Cao Xiaoyan: The influence of dialects in the vision in language contact on Mandarin
July 02, 2019 08:30 Source: "China Social Sciences" July 2, 2019, Total No. 1725 Author: Cao Xiaoyan

Live applications and the inherent rules of language development,Decided that any language is in development and changes。Mandarin is not an isolated system,Once promoted,It will inevitably be in contact with local dialects。In the contact relationship between dialects and Mandarin,Dialects are generally in a weak position,More influenced by Mandarin。Actually,From the perspective of the formation and diffusion of dialect oral calls,Disady languages ​​will also affect strong language,Those ingredients that are easily migrated are often strong ingredients in dialects,It is not easy to give up when people in the dialect are in Mandarin。As for which ingredients in the dialect are easy to move、How to move,The reason is complex,Deep mechanism involved in language contact。

where,Similarity is the most important influencing factor。but,People often have subjectivity when judging similarity: for speakers,The higher the similarity of dialect and Mandarin,The more difficult to give up the ingredients of dialect,For the listener,But it is not necessarily the same result。This is the difference in hearing caused by different degrees of similarity,And the psychological factors involved here、Cognitive ability、Language background, etc.。According to different degrees of differences,People choose to accept or do not accept。For example,Xing Fuyi mentioned that "Is there any + VP (Dynamic)bet365 live casino games " originally used in Mandarin,Only "determination to make things static,Indicates ‘Is it available for VP’ to use? ”。Dynamic narrative of character behavior,Just after the 1980s,Only the spread of Fujian and Guangdong dialect gradually entered Mandarin。Although the answer is "VP" is still harsh,But the question "Is there any VP" has been generally accepted by northerners。One of the most important reasons is that there are four languages ​​in Mandarin "Is there any" in the past,that is NP (name)、AP (shape)、VP (Move) and NV (Names: Motivation: Main Pooker)。This "VP" has gained a good structural development space,For the narrative "whether there is", enter the Mandarin to produce a classification function。Structural similarity makes dialect sentences enter Mandarin and become reasonable。

The vacancy of semantics is also an important influencing factor。Due to the differences in regional culture,There is always a place where there is always no peer component to form a semantic vacancy。Causes of semantic asymmetry,In order to accurately and vividly express the principle of economy and effort,Naturally, you will choose the most accurate and familiar expression method,instead of "accommodating" Mandarin。For example, the topic structure of the Wu language copy "NP1 (?) NP1VP1,np2 (?) NP2VP2 "" expresses the topic function more direct than Mandarin,such as,"I work, work to work;,Mother is also sick "。If expressed in Mandarin,It has to become "I can't work and can't work,The family can't get it again,Mom got sick again ",But it is often not fully reflected in the functional function,If you want to reflect the bet365 best casino games function of the topic as much as possible,Must be more embarrassed,such as,"Let's talk about work,No job,On Housework,Housework is not good ... "Therefore, it is more difficult to give up the dialect sentence.。

Due to the needs of the communication strategy, it should not be ignored。If the structure of "Dynamic Fold+Musk" is suppressed and disappeared in the northern dialect,but continued to exist in the southern dialect,There is a trend of penetrating into Mandarin,This is a very interesting phenomenon。In the southern dialects such as Wu language,"Dynamic stack+complement" is not necessarily all the euphemistic and polite tone of expression。For example, when I heard "Think of refreshing", I don’t feel more comfortable than hearing "I want to refresh",Even feels more tone、Gear hard。and the verb overlapping the last syllable in the Mandarin dialect,Indicates "small momentum" or "short time"。Zhu Dexi pointed out,"Used in a prayer sentence, You can make your breath more ease "。So after adopting "dynamic stack+complement",can express euphemism、Underly tone。For example,The original Mandarin's dynamic supplement structure "wipe it clean" is much harder than "wipering" of "dynamic fold+supplement"。So,Maybe it is precisely because Mandarin lacks euphemistic ways in the corresponding context,Out of the needs of language communication strategies to accept the "dynamic stack+supplementary language" structure in southern dialects such as Wu language and "allow" to continuously spread。

Markability of Mandarin and dialect is also related factors。Maternal migration is selective,The labeling bet365 Play online games of the language is regarded as one of the main constraints of migration。3240_3261,It is pointed out that only the language differences when the target language component marks will cause migration。Converse,When the mother tongue structure is marked and the corresponding target language structure is not marked,The possibility of migration is very small。Generally speaking,Strong formless form,It is not easy to give up in language confrontation or it is easier to learn。As for why there is no marked form, it is strong,Shen Jiaxuan, I think,No marked ingredients have a cognitive significant,Therefore, it is most likely to attract people's attention,Easy to be stored and extracted,The closest expectations or expectations of people; use significant things to recognize and derive non -obvious things,This is the general cognitive law of a person。So,The frequency of useless use of the biddeship is relatively high,The combination form is also relatively simple,Follow "Economic Principles"。Commonly used ingredients without marking or adopt a short combination form,Obviously for the consideration of economic or effort。Ru Wenhao pointed out,Chinese verb overlap in its development process,The grammatical significance has undergone a fundamental change from "increase" to "quantity reduction",When the "increase in quantity increase" at the beginning,No need to make a mark,It is a biddressless item; the overlapping verb that means "reduction" belongs to emerging usage,Is there a tag item,v、VV、VV (soft) are all marked。Wu Yu's verb overlapping last syllable does not read Bet365 app download lightly,Still belonging to。Although influenced by the northern dialect today,part of Wu Dianhua's "Dynamic Overlap+Musk" structure overlap can also be analyzed as short time、Small momentum,But as a grammatical structure with a higher frequency,"Dynamic Fold+Musching" has not been suppressed and reduced in space,Instead, it is widely used,and penetrate into Mandarin,The form of "dynamic + supplementary language" that eventually disappeared in the northern dialect because it did not meet the laws of cognitive semantics.。This also explains why the disadvantaged language also affects the strong language。The main reason is the labeling of language components。Strong language does not mean that its ingredients are no marked,The disadvantaged language does not mean that its ingredients are special、There are markers。

Frequently affects。Commonness refers to the common level of a certain language phenomenon in various dialects。The same phenomenon for the background of different dialects,The common degree is different。This is related to the language background of the person he often contacts。The more common in the form of a dialect, the more difficult it is to give up。Although "there is + VP" is gradually accepted with the expansion of the southern film and television programs and the expansion of Cantonese and Southern Fujian.,But it's still more harsh。And narrative questioning sentence "Is there any + VP" why it can "deeply root the hearts of the people",First because there are similar usage in Mandarin,4394_4439,In Wuyu、Southwest official words、Xiajiang Guanhua also exists widely,Because bet365 Play online games of its common,The speaker will not realize the obvious dialect characteristics,It is also easier to be accepted by the northern listener。

Differences in the frequency。Differences between two languages ​​or dialects,Except for a saying or not,,There is also the difference in use frequency,This is not to be ignored。For example,Wu Fangyan's excessive use of "Qi" Qi "",Mainly caused by the difference between the "Ge" at the end of Wu Yan and the mood word "" of Mandarin words,Although the two are generally corresponding,But you can find it carefully,There are complex differences between them,There is a difference between saying or not saying,There is also a difference of using frequency,And the difference between this frequency of use is most likely to penetrate into the Mandarin spoken by people in the dialect area,It is not easy to be detected by the locals。

Generally speaking,The language effect caused by contact,Most of them are the ingredients that the language does not or missing,Pressing supplement、Rich effect,It can be said that language contact is a kind of motivation for language evolution。The wide range of contact between Mandarin and regional dialects,It is an unmatched between other languages ​​or dialects。As far as the current situation in China,Different from the social status of dialect and Mandarin,Dialects are even more affected by Mandarin,The special component of dialects is getting less and less,Vitality in the dialect、The part with strong performance if it is national,It will integrate into Mandarin,Make it increasingly rich and perfect。Research on the impact of dialects Bet365 lotto review as disadvantaged language on strong language calls,Understand our understanding of the actual changes and development trends of Mandarin,Formation of relevant language policies and research teaching grammar have very important significance。

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