Future research should consider immigration and late bilingual factors。Immigration often occurs at the same time as the bilingual phenomenon in the late stage，When discussing bilingual advantage effect，These two factors often confuse。It has not yet been understood that this advantage effect is caused by immigration，Or bilingual experience，Or the results of the common effect of two factors。So，Future research needs to clarify the effects of different types of bilingual and social population factors on execution functions。

"Bilingual Advantage" refers to the use of two languages，The execution function of the bilingual person is better than the monosterity.。execution function，Also known as cognitive control or execution control，Contains a wide range of cognitive processes and behaviors，Including oral reasoning、Solve the problem、Plan、Sorting、Keep attention、Anti -interference、Use feedback、Multi -task processing、Cognitive flexibility and ability to deal with novel things。Current，Researchers generally believe that the execution function is a multi -dimensional structure，Convert、Inhibitory and refreshing is the three core components of the execution function。At present, a large number of studies have confirmed the existence of this advantage，These studies involve bilinguals in different languages，Ru Britain and France、Han Ying、Chinese and English bilinguals, etc.。Since PEAL and LAMBERT found bilingual children's non -verbal intelligence test Bet365 app download and intellectual test scores since 1962, the total score，The psychological linguistic community has aroused the "bilingual advantage" research boom。So far，"Bilingual advantage" is still one of the hottest research topics in the field of bilingual field，However, it is also one of the most controversial topics。With the deepening of research，In recent years, "bilingual advantages" have been questioned more and more。Some researchers think，Evidence that supports "bilingual advantages" is actually the result of the additional variables that are not controlled。

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Donneelly、Brooks and HOMER reported 80 studies (253 effects size) meta analysis results，The performance of the comparative monolithics and bilinguals in non -verbal interference control tasks，At the same time, the two related variables of the two related variables (RT) and interference cost at the same time are inspected at the same time。As a result, I found，Small and significant bilingual advantages in the total reaction (RT)，Once you correct the bias，This advantage does not exist; there is also a small and significant effect on the interference cost，This effect is not affected by the task and the age of the test，But by the adjustment of the age and variable interaction of the two -language acquisition，That is the interference cost (Interferente Cost) effect only appears in the study of late bilingual people，Research from those who are not early bilingual。So，Researchers think，The problem of insufficient evidence of "bilingual advantages" in interference control tasks。

Similarly ，Lehtonen et al. Discuss the 891 effect size in the study of 152 adults，Comparison of bilingual and single -language performances bet365 Play online games in 6 different execution function tasks。As a result, I found，Before correcting the estimation value of the publishing deviation，Bilingual people are suppressing、There is a very small bilingual advantage effect in the transfer and work memory，But there is no in terms of monitoring or attention; after correcting the deviation，No evidence indicates that "bilingual advantages" still exist。So，Researchers think，The existing evidence does not provide strong support for the assumption of "promoting adult execution function"。

　　Sample volume scale and variable selection affect credibility

PAAP、Johnson and SAWI research discovery，"Bilingual Advantages" research after 2011，More than 80 % results are invalid or the effect is very small，Research on those who find bilingual advantages has a significant feature: smaller samples。Although some brain imaging research also confirms the existence of bilingual advantages，But they think this contribution is insignificant，But they think this contribution is insignificant，and nerve measurement is usually blurred。So，Researchers believe that the bilingual advantage of execution functions does not exist，Either exaggerated，It may be limited to the situation with a small sample amount。In the study of Arizmendi et al.，Spanish -English bilingual children (7-9 years old) are inhibitory in execution function、Conversion and refresh tasks have no significant differences with monomotic children。This indicates，Children's bilingual advantages do not exist。

At present, there are exact research indicates，Social and Economic status (SES)、Immigration identity、Race background affects the execution function，and these are factors that have differences between bilingual and monistis。For example，Children bet365 best casino games from families with high socio -economic status，Can often get good care during pregnancy、Good parent education methods、Rich cognitive stimulus, etc.，These are important factors to promote the development of children's execution function。Compared to children from families from low socioeconomic status，It is easier for them to learn the second language，Become bilingual。Also，Migrages are often bilingual，Research found that their education level and IQ level are higher than non -immigrant。But，Some of the past studies did not well separate these variables and control。So，Unable to conclude that the bilingual advantage comes from bilingual itself，Still from these population science factors。

　Bilingual advantages still remain to be explored

In order to better explore whether the bilingual advantage exists，Antón、 Carreiras and DU? 觡 Abeitia recently strictly controlling population factors，Big sample selected 180 youths of Spain to participate in the experiment，Visiting bilingual persons and monolithics in the execution function and work memory difference。Among them, 90 bilinguals are from the Basque region，Mother tongue is Basque，The second language is Spanish，They can use two languages ​​highly，The frequency of the two languages ​​in daily life is equivalent，Bilingual who is proficient and balanced。Another 90 -list language comes from Morcia, southern Spain，Can be highly skilled in Spanish，Rare or not obtained knowledge about other languages。Bilingual and Monologists Test at age、IQ、Social and economic status、Education level and Spanish knowledge matching，There is no significant difference。That is to say，Experiments control the population variables that may affect the execution bet365 best casino games function，If the two groups are tested in the execution function and work memory, there are differences，So this difference is caused by language experience。Although the two groups have tried to participate in tests in different places，But the experimental equipment and procedures they use are the same。PAAP et al.，If you need to prove the assumption of "bilingual advantage"，This advantage should at least exist in the two different tasks that measure the same cognitive ability，And these tasks are related。For this，In the experiment，Researchers used the FLANKER task、Simon Mission、speech Stroop task and digital Stroop task measurement of the execution function of the subject，These four tasks are measured by the inhibitory ability of the execution function，and using COSI tasks and digital breadth tasks to measure the work memory of the subject，Both tasks include two versions of tingling and reverse memory，Memory as a simple task，reverse memory is complex task。Experimental results found that: First，In terms of execution function，There is no significant difference between the performance of bilingual and single -language persons on four tasks。In other words，Compared to a single language，Bilingual is not enough to improve the execution function of young people。2，In terms of work memory，Whether it is cosi mission or digital breadth task，Bilinguals and monolithics have no significant difference in simple tasks，But in the reverse COSI mission and reverse digital breadth task，That is the complex task，The project of the memory of bilingual people is significantly higher than those of a monocular language，That is to say，When the task requires complex processing and retrieval of the stored bet365 live casino games information，Bilingual experience does improve work memory。

Based on research results，Researchers come to concluded: I control intelligence、Social and economic status、Immigration identity、Race background and other population science factors，When the sample is large enough，Bilingual person does not have an advantage in the execution function，There is an advantage in the complex work memory task。Does this mean the advantages of bilingual execution function? However，Researchers think，The conclusion obtained from the research is limited to a very specific bilingual person (in this study，Bilingual bilingual person)，Can't be promoted to other bilingual groups。Researchers proposed，Future research should consider immigration and late bilingual factors。Immigration often occurs at the same time as the bilingual phenomenon in the late stage，When discussing bilingual advantage effect，These two factors often confuse。It has not yet been understood that this advantage effect is caused by immigration，Or bilingual experience，Or the results of the common effect of two factors。So，Future research needs to clarify the effects of different types of bilingual and social population factors on execution functions。

Whether the bilingual advantage exists，Researchers need to continue to explore。But，For ordinary people，Many reasons for learning the second language，Study abroad、Learn another culture、Smooth communication with others、Trade exchanges、Scientific research, etc.，Not based on bilingual advantages，Bilingual advantage is just a by -product acquired by the second language。With the flow of population、Commodity trade、The development bet365 best casino games of cultural blending，Learning two words or multi -language has become a trend in contemporary society。

　　(This article is the National Natural Science Foundation of China "Cognitive Control of National Bilingual" (31660282)、YSDYJS2019053 phased results)

(Author Unit: Department of Education and Science, Yunnan Normal University)