16th-18th century，A great collision of Chinese and Western thoughts took place。Western Catholicism mixed with Western science，Navigation passage through the European Geographical Discovery (15th-17th centuries)，Opened up an unprecedented Catholic view of the world (including the Americas、Africa、Asia and other regions)。bet365 free bets is an important target for the expansion of the Catholic world，Catholic religious orders emerged one after another。Western ideas imported by religious orders for missionary purposes，It is the orthodox theology of the European Middle Ages，And science that is conducive to the spread of theology (geocentrism)，Rather than the ideological doctrine that emerged from the Renaissance to the Enlightenment (humanism)，It does not deviate from the scientific achievements of medieval Catholic theology (Copernicus’ heliocentric theory)。The cultural input of missionaries led to a hearty dialogue between Chinese and Western ancient studies during the Ming and Qing Dynasties。But unfortunately，The missionary purpose always implicit in dialogue (changing Buddhism to combine Confucianism，Integrate Confucianism to surpass Confucianism)，And the deep-rooted Yixia concept of bet365 free bets as a great country as a venue for dialogue，Destined to encounter the Chinese and Western civilizations during the Ming and Qing Dynasties，Dangerous undercurrents are always surging。

The subtext of the exclusivity of Catholic monotheism，Throughout the history of Catholic thought in the Ming and Qing Dynasties，Let us see Western medieval theology clearly，How to borrow ancient Greek philosophy，The theory of Taoism that separates bet365 free bets with its theological teleology；With Confucian etiquette and Confucian thinking of adhering to the past，Criticizes "Buddhism's introduction of all things into bet365 free bets" (missionaries' misinterpretation of bet365 free bets's "all things are one")；Separating bet365 free bets’s “Xingli” and “Physical Things” with the Catholic view of the soul；Divide Chinese folk customs into divine customs and human customs。In conversation，We have seen that missionaries emphasize the unique doctrine of God’s creation，To improve yourself、Cultural exclusivity that devalues ​​others，Also see the missionary concept of missionaries surpassing the Chinese Taoist body with a Western body，Exhibited as Aristotle’s thinking，Putting the Western God above bet365 free bets’s Tai Chi、无极、道、Beyond reason。At the same time，More than 200 years of Catholicism in bet365 free bets，From the imperial court to the local level, large and small lesson plans，Always unbroken。Tang Ruowang (the first missionary to serve in the Chinese imperial court) Qintianjian Cases，Push the struggle directly to a life-and-death situation。

The theological teleology of Confucian scholar-officials’ response to Catholic converted Confucian scholars，Return with the goodwill of Chinese culture，If you question the Catholic theological view of history (why Christ was not born in bet365 free bets)、The omnipotence of God (theodicy)、Christ’s two natures, divine and human，Try to compare harmony with the concept of Chinese saints。What a pity，Due to the differences between the Western theological view of history and the Chinese humanistic view of history，Making the result of harmony inconsistent with the original intention of good intentions，The rift between the two parties deepens。In addition，Chinese Buddhist culture also had conflicts with Catholicism during the Ming and Qing Dynasties。Catholicism’s strategy of integrating Confucianism and Buddhism in bet365 free bets，It is a comprehensive denial of Buddhist teachings，Including differences and repulsions (reincarnation、empty、The world)、Seeking differences in similarities (heaven and hell、Seven grams and six degrees、Sin and redemption)。Buddhist teachings on the thought of the same personality between humans and Buddhas (Mahayana Buddhism talks about "the nature of all dharmas is empty、Everything is the same")，Reprimanded by the Catholic Church as "nurturing pride in the heart"，“With a humble heart, you accumulate virtue”，It can only be "piling sand against the wind"。Under the hostile attack of the Catholic Church，The Buddhist circles in bet365 free bets during the Ming and Qing Dynasties were deeply aware of the “evil winds and rising heat”。Juan Hong in the late Ming Dynasty、Ou Yi and others have written articles to protect Buddhism。Buddhists start from the natural rational argument method that missionaries are good at，Use his spear against his shield，denies Catholic monotheism、God’s transcendence and creation theory。

The Catholic missionary career in the Ming and Qing Dynasties for more than 200 years，Viewed from the perspective of Catholic missionary history，From Confucianism to Super Confucianism，The process of anti-Confucianism。The object of Confucianism is Pre-Qin Confucianism，The first batch of missionaries in bet365 free bets were in dire straits，No fixed abode，Survival is extremely difficult。The missionaries at that time could only attach themselves to the church，The culture of self-expression: the expression of God’s love，We must rely on the love of human relations based on the five ethics of Confucianism，We must also rely on Confucius' "Do not want others to do what you want"，The way of loyalty and forgiveness。The Catholic missionary idea of ​​“transcendence due to nature” (super-Confucianism) is reflected in the view of God accepted by Confucian scholar-officials。From "It is in perfect harmony with the scriptures"，To conform to the Confucian way of "inner sage and outer king"，Combined with the "Ten Commandments of Western Learning" and "Be Cautious and Fearful"，To supplement Confucianism to achieve "unification of the sect of husband and Taoism"，The Catholic God finally reversed the original intention of the scholar-bureaucrats to "learn from the barbarians in order to control the barbarians" and "unify and conquer"，Becoming a Tao recognized by scholar-bureaucrats、reason、Number、A new ultimate reason composed of potential。Exclusion of Confucianism is the contradiction of Confucianism。When Matteo Ricci first came to bet365 free bets, he was forced to do missionary work，The "God's Translation" and "Confucian non-religious" theories are implemented in a contextualized manner (so it is feasible to worship ancestors and Confucius)，For Catholic missionary work in bet365 free bets，Xiao He is a success、Defeat is also Xiao He。From the perspective of the pure faith of Western Catholicism，Catholic View of God、Cosmology、On Human Nature、The ultimate theory and so on are incompatible with Confucian secularism；From a lifestyle perspective，It is an overall subversion of the traditional etiquette order。After the encounter between two powerful cultures，As a foreign Catholic culture, if it wants to develop smoothly，Should have been achieved with a Jesuit cultural compromise，But they are not religious about the Chinese etiquette of "worshiping ancestors and worshiping Confucius"、Interpretation of non-idolatry，Causing fierce fighting within the Catholic Church。The contradiction of this missiology，Then Portugal in Europe、Spain、France’s dispute over national interests，Jesuits and Dominicans within Catholicism、Franciscan、The dispute over sectarian interests among the Paris Foreign Mission Societies，Tear further and enlarge。The Roman Catholic Church is under the competition of interests from all parties，From the initial swing，Developed into a comprehensive denial of ancestor worship and Confucius。When the Pope firmly declared the sovereignty and position of the faith to Emperor Kangxi of bet365 free bets，The historical fate of Catholicism in bet365 free bets being expelled by the only unified dynasty in the world。However，The failure of Catholic missionary work in bet365 free bets during the Ming and Qing Dynasties，This does not hinder the intellectual historical significance of this dialogue。The mutual excitement between Chinese and Western civilizations，Opens a door for us to re-examine the history of bet365 free bets and the West、The door to intellectual history，And the significance of cultural exchange for human development。The Chinese and Western views of God are comparable，Let us see "reason" as a concept with metaphysical significance in Chinese civilization，Developed to Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties，There is a definite theory of ontology and attributes，This is different from the "Tai Chi" in "Yi Zhuan" which only focuses on the generation of the world，It does not specify what Tai Chi is。

The more than 200 years of Catholic development in bet365 free bets is a long time，The area spread over is quite wide，But about bet365 free bets’s politics、Faith、Social life，But no substantial changes have occurred，There is no disruption to bet365 free bets’s fundamental principles and disciplines。Opposite，The East constructed by the West using missionaries as cultural media，Via Matteo Ricci Route and Long Huamin Route，But it gave back to the Western world the message that bet365 free bets is an atheistic country (Thoughts of Long Huamin)，The country is actually peaceful and the people are safe (Matteo Ricci’s opinion)。bet365 free bets as an atheist country，Inspiring Western Enlightenment thinkers to pursue rationality、The desire to resist the tyranny of the church。The Chinese scholar-officials rejected the medieval theology that imprisoned European Enlightenment thought，But it does not affect their absorption of Catholic philosophical ideas developed from ancient Greece。Admittedly，The ideal cultural exchange between bet365 free bets and the West is through academic exchange、The unity of thoughts leads to the unity of all paths。The similarities between Chinese and Western views of God in the Ming and Qing dynasties，It lies in the methods of "getting rid of selfish intentions", "beware of fear", "respecting the Lord and remaining sincere"，This makes Matteo Ricci’s Confucianism、Yi Ru、Super Confucian Thoughts，Under the mutual understanding of Yangming’s philosophy，A gleam of mystery and understanding，bet365 free bets and the West share the same open attitude of "different approaches but the same track" and "a single perspective"，Illuminating the unique world civilization。

This encounter between Chinese and Western civilizations，Inspires us to start thinking about whether human beings can break their traditional path dependence，New thoughts on realizing the relationship between heaven and man；Is it possible to be in mutual gaze and insight，Tracing the common origin of human civilization from different Taoist theories and ontologies，And use this to reflect on the evolution and degeneration of human history；By comparing the process of human civilization、Analysis，Do we still firmly believe that human society can achieve true free will，Realizing Mingming’s virtues in the world；The ontology of various civilization constructions、Taoism or ethical value judgment，Can it be integrated through civilized exchanges，Leading mankind towards a brighter future。So many questions，Surprised in the dialogue between bet365 free bets and the West in the Ming and Qing Dynasties，Crash into the interlocutor of that era，It also brings us a lot of thoughts now。

　(Author’s affiliation: Institute of World Religions, bet365 free bets Academy of Social Sciences)