General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: "The Chinese nation is growing endlessly、Substantial frustration and continuously rebirth，It is inseparable from the powerful support of Chinese culture。"History and culture has special value and significance in it。As far as the widest level is concerned，History is the source and core of traditional culture，It is not only a kind of information that preserves human memory and emotion，It is a cultural record。In Chinese society，History and culture full of humanism，The process of presenting the development of civilization，Also shaped the identity of the Chinese nation。As Liang Qichao said: "China is in various knowledge，Only history is the most developed; history in countries around the world，Only China is the most developed。"The historical and cultural concepts and practice of Chinese Buddhism is formed in this context。

Zanning has summarized on the volume of "History of the Great Song Seng": "，Rate from the reason for learning。For example, the people of Yidi，Not speech，Different diet，I can reach its desire ... Nothing here，Weitong outer learning ears。It is just like the second teachings of Confucianism and Taoism，Shizi is both precision，He Hao Diamond Extremely Seeing Visit，Do not stagnate in one side。"Zanning emphasized that monks need sufficient knowledge of external learning，Although I do not learn the knowledge of scriptures，But it can be used flexibly。This aspect explains the rationality of the monk's study outside; on the other hand, it also shows the "not stagnant to one party" and the mutual understanding intention。This has also become the basic perspective of our view of Buddhism history and culture。

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Indian Buddhism's internal unprecedented historical tradition，Before the exchange with Chinese cultural exchanges，There is no independent historical and cultural concept and practice inside。The historical and cultural activities of the monks known later，It mainly benefits from the convergence of the traditional "history" tradition of Buddhism and Chinese culture，This is also manifested in the application of monks' knowledge of historical knowledge。In general，Chinese Buddhist monks mainly apply historic knowledge to the promoting law -based promotional activities，and comprehensively improved your expression and writing ability。and the monks' absorption of local historical bet365 Play online games and cultural absorption is not just on the surface，Among them, it also contains more complicated mechanisms。The most important in this mechanism，The historical concept of the monk。

First，The historical concept of Chinese Buddhist monks was formed in the Eastern Jin and Northern and Southern Dynasties，Seng Zhao、Seng Rui and other initial advocates this trace theory，As a result, the overall framework of the historical concept is formed。The Buddhist trace is said from the "Vima Sutra"，Seng Zhao summarized in the "Note Weimo Sutra": "This scripture is clear，Unified Wanxing is mainly powers，Shide Ben takes six degrees as the root，Jimeng confusion is headed by compassion，Yu Zongji takes Fuji as the door。Everyone said，Not thinking about it also。Wan Ruo Borrowing Lantern King，Please Fai incense，Hand -connected Daqian，Room Bag Qianxiang，Unbelievable Traces also。Ran Youguan is difficult to start，Shengying Different，Non -Book of Ben No Medisis，Non -tracelessness。Although the traces are special，but not thinking about。》 According to the understanding of Seng Zhao，Buddhism is based on unbelievable jurisprudence，Taking the history of the Buddha as a trace。Historic traces although impermanent，But contains the foundation of the Dharma body; although the Dharma body is intangible，But it can be revealed with historical traces。This historical view not only initially solves the problem of the historical flow of Buddhism，And the historical trace of Buddhism is based on the Dharma body，and the meaning of the ultimate and eternal indicator。

2，The history of Buddhist monks "This view" establishes the basic perspective of viewing history from the level of the body，But still need to further solve the problem of historical theory。So，Buddhism uses the "induction history view" to explain the inherent mechanism of "due to the traces of this"。The concept of Buddhist causality in the two Jin and Northern Dynasties period of the two Jin and Northern Dynasties is mainly based on Lushan Huiyuan's "industry newspaper" causality，The core of its ideology is to regard the "sense of karma" as the karma of the world，The fruit of the feeling of good and evil or the six reincarnation is a doctrine。The induction theory of Buddhism has also extended to the field of historical concepts，The core psychological basis for becoming the theory of Buddhist history。

third，Buddhism also needs to explain the "time" problem within the historical concept。Bu Zhengmin once proposed，"History of Chinese Books，often divides the times into two categories: ancient and present。This distinction is usually Bet365 lotto review for a discussion purpose，Insufficient comparison with the wisdom of ancient times "，The consciousness of "not as good as the past" in Chinese history traditions is also compatible with the concept of the Buddhist law。Buddhist monks judge Fa -rectification from the perspective of historical research、Simorfa、The specific time limit of the last method; on the other hand，Simorfa、The concept of the last method injects the value judgment of "time"，Ru Sang Rui said in "Sudden Discipline"，"In this five hundred years，Only right and wrong，Five hundred years of the last。Multiple words，Therefore, Fa -rectification。Five hundred years of the last，Only right and wrong，Stander -making Road，Lost Taoist，More than those who are not available。Also with many eyes，Name of like a method。looks instead of true，Lost Reason "。

Summary，The historical and cultural concepts of Chinese Buddhism are mainly manifested in three aspects: First, the historical view of the historical body theory，Thus established the relationship between jurisprudence and historical context; the second is to form an inductive historical view at the historical theory，The historical phenomenon and interpretation have been constructed to construct a complete discourse system; the third is to form the view of the last law at the level of time concept，Injects value judgment in historical development。

Sinicization of Chinese Buddhist history and culture

The concept of Buddhist historical and cultural concepts in the form of Sinicization also drives the generation of practice。Because historical and cultural knowledge is the most basic part of the Chinese cultural system，Therefore, the historical and cultural practice of Buddhist monks is basically completed in the all -round interaction with traditional Chinese culture。

First，The Buddhist scriptures completed by the translation are just the original text of the Chinese translation，But the Chinese monks have time to make up for the order of the preface，Preface and postfront often involves the introduction of translator、Translation time and place、Translation staff、Scriptures and the explanation of the relevant Buddhist meaning。This is undoubtedly a historical and cultural practice。"Out of the Three Tibetan Records" preserves a total of 171 articles in order to preserve the orderly postponed works。In general，Preface and post -class literature writing needs to face the historical situation and text of the classic translation，Therefore, the monks need to carry out historic information information collection and analysis work，This also makes the preface and postal literature contain a large amount of historical information。

Bet365 lotto review Next，The most direct historical and cultural practice of the monks is the writing of historical works。Although the monks have more studies on the history books outside the teaching，But the exams that can be examined only "New Tang Book · Yi Wen Zhi" containing "Skills of" Hanshu "thirty volumes"，It is inferred from the order listed in "Arts and Wen Zhi" or it is a work before and after the first Tang Dynasty。In addition，The objects we can examine are also a large number of Buddhist historical works written by monks。Overall，There are many quantities of Buddhist historical records、There are many categories，Features with diversity，This is also the same as the development of traditional Chinese history。Wei Jin to drop，A close social life interaction has also been formed between monks，As Mr. Tang Yongtong said，"Husband" Prajna "reason，Tongfu "Old", "Zhuang"。and the famous monk style，Cool Xiao Qingliu，Yishi Xuanfeng，Da Zhen Yu Huaxia also。Western Jin Zhilong and Ruan Yue called Octopus。Eastern Jin Sun Chuo compared with seven people and seven sages，"Daoxian Theory"。Celebrity releases a total of first -class。Change of the World Wind，You can know "。In this situation，Buddhist historical and cultural and cultural opportunities for the development of traditional historical development due to the interaction of monks，The number and type of Buddhist historical works are consistent with the development of traditional history。

again，The emergence of Buddhist directory is related to the development of local historical catalog。On the occasion of the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties，Increased book collection activities，The government set up a special organization for the collection of books，Manage it by specialized talents，The consciousness of the government collection starts to appear，The book collection mechanism is increasingly sound。This provides a guarantee for the prosperity of the directory。Synchronization with this，The collection of Buddhist temples was also developed during this period。The book collection of the temple is increasingly emerging，and gradually become a book with the government、Private book、A large collection system for the coexistence of the college collection。The temples of up to 45,000 volumes of books in the Northern and Southern Dynasties are not uncommon，Diverse forms，Stopen copy and stone meridian，Especially the stone carved Buddhist scriptures created by the north become retained the scriptures、A new type of book collection of prevention of the law。When the number of books is increased and the variety is complicated，The writing bet365 live casino games of the directory works becomes necessary，Buddhist directory works are born，and flourish with it。

Last，The prosperity and the biography of the secular figures of Salmon biography also came out in large quantities。We can find many expressions、Determine and other Buddhist works corresponding to the biography of secular characters。On the name of its work，Monk uses "names" or "high"，Explanation of the preface of Huijiao's "Monk"，"Most of the" Monks "written from the previous generation，Ran ‘Name’，The guest of real。If the submarine light is implemented，is high but not named; widowed in time，The name is not high。Name instead of high，Ben non -discipline; high but not named，。Therefore, the ‘name’ sound，On behalf of ‘High’。"Name" emphasizes its social prestige，"High" is the noble of virtue，The setting on this name obviously has the reference of secular biography。"Biography of Monk" and "Biography of Monk" may be affected by a large number of "The Biography of the Yishi", "The Biography of the Master", "Gao Shi Biography" and "Gao Yin Biography" at that time、Inspired and made，The production of the Biography of Bao Sing "Biqu Ni" was also related to the emergence of women -related biography at the time。After the birth of the Biography of the List in the Han Dynasty，A large number of similar works appear，As Cao Zhi's "List of Women's Ode"、Miao attack "Lie Girl Biography"、Ten volumes of Xiang Yuan's "Lie Girl"。Bao Sing in the preface of "Biography of Bhikkhuni" quotes the words of Yangxiong's "Fa Word of Words"，"The Shi Yan Shi，Ye Yan's 俦; Mu Ji Horse，Yizhizhi "，It can be seen that its writing comes from the overall impact of the social and cultural level，And the manifestation of the gender consciousness of the work itself is also closely related to the extensive social impact of the Biography of the Line Women。

In short,，The historical and cultural practice of Chinese Buddhism is completed in the interaction with traditional Chinese culture。Types of historical works、The style of compilation and determination has the participation of traditional culture。In the process of interaction with traditional history，A variety of types have been formed、Great Buddhist historical works，Not only has an independent knowledge system formed within the history of Buddhism，It has also become an indispensable part of the development of traditional Chinese culture。

　Impact of Chinese Buddhist historical and cultural activities

Chinese Buddhism consciously uses historical and cultural activities to engage in the construction of concepts and practice，A far -reaching impact on Buddhism and even the entire society。This influence has two bet365 live casino games levels: one is the impact on Buddhism itself; the other is the impact on traditional Chinese culture。

Historical and cultural activities have played a vital role in the formation and development of Chinese Buddhism，This manifestation is the following aspects。First，Personal memory can pass through the operation of historical text，Unified into collective memory，Form an identity。Hui Jiao's "Biography of Monk" has realized that its work will mainly have an impact on the shape of the character of the monk，So，The core of its writing is concentrated on the play of moral education。"Biography of Monk" establishes the moral evaluation standard for "high" as the construction of collective memory，Therefore, it provides a reference template for the entire Buddhist monk to create his own image.。2，Historical and cultural activities outlined the clear context of Buddhism in Middle -earth。Historical works of various genres record a large number of monks' calendars、History of Buddhist Communication，Become the foundation of the future generation to grasp the history of Buddhism。This effect is also persistent，Even becoming a recent reconstruction of Buddhist veins、Authoritative text of Buddhist sacred space。third，Historical and cultural activities are the link between Buddhism and Chinese culture。"Nanqi Shu" cloud，"The character of Manjushri is very long，Three Teachers of the Mind Faculty "，The concept of "three religions" in the history of the history，It marks in secular historic activities dominated by Confucianism，Buddhism、Taoism has a possibility of sharing with Confucianism as a social conscious force that cannot be ignored。At the same time，Historical activities of monks have become the bond of the real world and the world of the other shore，The grasp of realistic activities pursuing real activities and the sacred beliefs pursued by religion make Buddhist history have a more three -dimensional state。

The historical and cultural activities of Chinese Buddhism also have a profound impact on the continuation of traditional Chinese culture。First，Save a lot of precious historical materials，For example, historical materials outside the domain enrich our to Central Asia、Geography of South Asia and Southeast Asia、Traffic、Culture、Customs and other understanding。2，A new moral evaluation system for Chinese society。Traditional historical and culture is often centered on Confucian ethics，and Buddhism through the writing and evaluation of the monk's deeds，Display the value orientation of coordinating Chinese native ethics。Dao Xuan once pointed out，"Five of them with cloth with sages，Table Si Yi Yi Angle Law，Long Tu Chengtai is too easy，Turtle Zhang Qilun's use bet365 Play online games "。third，strengthened rationalist tendencies in traditional culture。For example, the mysteriousization is made in "The Biography of the Monk"、Spiritual work。Take Dao Shao as an example，"Biography of Monk" has a detailed record for him，"Biography of Monk" is not included。From the perspective of the biographical content，The characteristics of Dao Shao's life are more things to meet ghosts and gods。Hui Jiao directly regards the story of this subject in the writing process，Show clear rationalism。

Qian Mu once believed: "Buddhism，It has no history in itself，There is no history even India，But Buddhism conveys China，Chinese monks value the history of Chinese culture with history，Come and record the history of Buddhism。"Therefore, the so -called Buddhist Chineseization，"It means adding humanistic and historical perspectives in Chinese culture traditions in religion"。To sum up，The historical and cultural concepts and practices of Chinese Buddhism are rooted in China，It is closely related to Chinese traditional culture，Finally developed into a part of the inseparable part of Chinese culture in the dynamic process。

　　(This article is the major project of the National Social Science Foundation "History of Social Life Life of Han Buddhism" (17zda233) phased achievement)

(The author is an associate professor at the School of Social Development of Nanjing Normal University)