In the garden of Milan，Augustine read the scriptures of "Roman Book" 13: 13-14，Make yourself complete the faith convert full of twists and turns and struggle。and the enthusiastic annotation of the Paul's letter 4、5th Century，Augustine's conversion also started from reading Paul Shuxin carefully，and then intensively annotated "Roman Book" in the mid -1990s。During the comment process，"Book of Roman" Chapter 7 and Chapter 9 always troubles in Augustine。The former involved the fallen problem of human will，Especially "Roman Books" 7: 14-25 How can the "I" fall behind, how can it be independent of good willingness; and the latter involves the redemption of the salvation of God's grace，Especially twins have not been born，Why did Jacob be saved by God。until the later period with Palla Tworate，Augustine clearly determined，"I" in Chapter 7 Including Apostle Paul itself，That is, Christians after conversion will also encounter the dilemma that will not come out，and the Jacob in Chapter 9 is saved by God's single -weight booking。But，Focus on the will of will in Chapter 7 of "Book of Roman"，We will find it，Augustine's interpretation and the meaning used by Paul are obviously divided。

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Just as the Humble Works "Augustine Early Will Philosophy" combed，"Roman Book" 7:14-25 uses a verb theLō seven times，Including its irregular type Thelein and word dividing theLONTI，bet365 live casino games to indicate that I want or want to do。In Latin Translation，They are translated as VOLO respectively、Velle and Volenti，These are the verb forms of noun Voluntas。But，Just as Joseph Fitzmyer commented，The meaning here is just "weak intention" or "a tendency of natural emotional perception"，instead of the concept of will from the beginning of Augustine。This indicates，While improving it into the concept，Augustine also changed Paul's topic and focus focus。

In early annotations，Augustine has always tried to ignore the clear meaning of "Roman Book" 7: 18-19，"Wishes for me for goodness，Just do it out of me。Therefore，The good I want，I do not do it; the evil I do not want，I do it down "。Paul emphasizes it，The will of "I" can completely go to the one -way willingness，The reason why you can't actually come out of goodness，It is due to the external jurisdiction of being guilty，instead of the division of will itself, so that internal conflicts。

In Volume 8 of "Confession"，Why is it so difficult for your conversion，Augustine Explanation，It is because of the new cute love of God's will to conflict with the will of obedience before，Make yourself unable to make a decision。"So I will have a new and new will，One belongs to the body，One belongs to spirit，Interweater，This internal torn my soul "，Even "I struggle with me，Caused internal division "。Comparison with it，In "Book of Rome" 7: 14-25，Paul never said，A will produce internal division，is split into a will to be good and a will to be evil，Even conflict with each other and make the will of goodness be restrained，so that you bet365 Play online games cannot do good。On the contrary，He emphasizes，"I" has only one will and a will to be good，It is just because you can't resist the jurisdiction of sin，Only to make the good deeds that you want。In Paul's view，outer crime only jurisdiction over human will of human beings，But did not completely corrupt this will，People can still have a single、Full will of good，instead of the will of division; after this，The advent of grace broke the jurisdiction of sin，Make people's wishes to re -enable good behaviors。In short，As "Roman Book" 5:12 said，The will of Xiangshan can be kept in the heart of people，But because of the first person, he committed crime，Make sin began to control the entire human，This full -fledged good will cannot actually come out。Chapter 7 of "The Book of Rome" describes the struggle of the "I" who is a single wise.，instead of the original "I" and the "I" struggle after the division。

But，Augustine explained as，After Adam’s first crime，The original creation of "medium good" will fall，The inevitability of evil; although there are grace to re -open to good will，But it cannot withstand the old and the maliciousness，So that the two will fight endlessly in the same soul，"I have become a big problem to me"。Different from Paul's emphasis on the jurisdiction of the will of the will，A will -based division and internal fighting of the soul，Augustine proposed a new "moral psychology"，Makes us full of remorse for ourselves，It is also full of fear of redeeming yourself。Since you can’t believe your own willingness，Can't determine God’s White bet365 live casino games grace，This "tortured consciousness" caused the psychological crisis from the Middle Ages to Martin Louder，That is, "How do I prove that I am scheduled to be saved"。

Compared to Augustine，Paul traces the crime to Adam’s fall，and sin does not evolve into "original sin" that is constantly inherited in fertility，It is not internalized into some fundamental soul anxiety，but just becoming an external jurisdiction。This jurisdiction is "those ruling、Powering power、Jurisdiction of this dark world，Demon of the sky's aura "。From this，As an external jurisdiction，The law is like "Master of Xunmeng"，The range used to show crime，Only God's grace will break the jurisdiction of sin and the jurisdiction of replacing the law。

　　Moral responsibility: collective, or individual?

For "Book of Roman" 7: 14-25，The long -term debate is，"I" here refers to a certain individual of human beings，Still refers to human collective。Augustine's inherent explanation tends to the former，That is, the individual experienced the split of its own will，and finally get the rescue of God's grace。But from the context，Paul should continue the Hebrew tradition and tend to latter，That is after Adam's fall，God's punishment is pointed to human collective，The governance of the jurisdiction of the sin and the jurisdiction of the law，And his salvation is to give this collective with white grace。

For this collective punishment，"Roman Book" 5:12 I said，"This is like a crime to enter the world from one person，Death comes from sin again; so death comes to everyone，Because everyone has committed crimes "。Obviously，In bet365 Play online games Adam's fallen，His descendants did not participate，It is only because of its birth of such a collective punishment because of its birth.。At the same time，In Jacob and others, they are scheduled to be saved，Not because each of them believes in God's side by side，but because of the grace given by God in vain, it receives such collective rescue。

Only understand the punishment from the path of human collective，We can explain the paradox of the suffering and death of the righteous people，without having to resort to some kind of unknown theory like Augustine。For example，Unlike the literal meaning of "Roman Book" 5: 2B，After Adam's crime，The first person to die is Abel，instead of Cain，But Abel does not have a crime in an individual，Instead, he was "seen" by God for his own sacrifice; his death was not because he had committed a crime，but because of Adam's crime made God a punishment of God's collective; for Abel，This punishment is manifested as the individual crime of Cain。At the same time，Job was originally in the eyes of God，It still does not shake its beliefs after going through the trials，But in the end it is "old age，Die when the days are satisfied "。From this，None of these two cases of righteous people died because they committed a crime，Instead, it is because of the collective crime of "everyone"，caused a collective punishment for righteous people to bear death。

From Old Testament to New Testament，From Jewish nation to all humans，Collective is the core concept of explaining the relationship between God and man。Abraham was selected and Jacob was scheduled to be God's contract with the entire bet365 Play online games Jewish nation，and Christ is assigned and the Holy Spirit is descended, and God re -appoints with all human beings，So as to the evolution of human collectives in the history of salvation in the history of redemption。Because I gave up this collective way，Augustine must find individual reasons for everyone, including the death of a baby，And this explanation of this individual's way to enter is easy to leave theoretical breaks。He thinks，The crime of the devil and Adam is the will to be created as a good will from pointing to God to pointing to the creation，Although the baby has no active crime，But inherited the original sin that was inherited like his own active crime。But，Individualization of punishment requires the reason for the individualization，Why does this steering suddenly occur suddenly，How to get genetic in the soul，How does moral responsibility be belonged to each individual，Augustine cannot give a satisfactory answer to these questions。If you return to the Old Testament and Paul's position，And the overall responsibility of moral responsibility，Most of these theoretical difficulties will be disappeared。

Of course，The defect of theoretical coherence does not cover Augustine's huge theoretical contribution。Establish everyone as a moral subject，Find a moral responsibility for everyone，This kind of individualized and internal interpretation of the way to make everyone really becomes an independent "self"，and assume all the moral responsibility for your degeneration，Putting it all moral actions for your own rescue。In this sense，Augustine did bet365 Play online games shape the basic principles of modern society，Become "the first modern person"。

　(This article is the 2021 National Social Science Foundation General Project "Complete Works and Research on Augustine Letter" (21BZJ009) phased results)

(The author is a professor at Yuelu Academy, Hunan University)