In view of pure aesthetic judgment, it seems to have nothing to do with any conceptual and standardized efforts，It belongs to joy，instead of cognition，Therefore, Kant limited the examples and its potential power in the "Critical Criticism" in the field of aesthetics。But，This does not prevent it from applying it to other fields，Especially in the field of morality and science。Rols proposed in its "Theory of Justice"，The primary task of moral philosophy is to find the rules and principles hidden in reflection and moral judgment。He thinks，Relying on these rules and principles，Believe in the beliefs formed in the specific situation，It can be derived when facing specific moral situations，The intuitive judgment we tends to make。But for the rules，We may not be so optimistic。Sienka mentioned in the letter he wrote to Luci Li.，"The understanding path displayed in the rules is very long，The examples are short and the efficiency is higher "。Especially in moral practice，The teaching role played by the appropriate example (exemplar) may be more significant than a series of moral behavior rules。Same，Compared with principles or concepts，People are more willing to use specific examples in moral education，Ru myth、Fable、Fairy Tale、Chips in biography and even life，They are more easy to achieve successful moral education，The reason is that moral knowledge is stored in various examples and stories。

bet365 best casino games When we are in science education、Discussion examples in the field of practice and science philosophy，There are many similar situations from the field of morality，The difference is that the specific objects referred to as the example are different。If a moral example refers to the typical people of morality、Life、If the language and behavior,，Scientific examples may be the scientific theory of Kuin，It may also be a specific object that is opposite to concepts in conceptual characteristics or under certain concepts，If the sofa in my living room is a "sofa" example。

From Kun's view，Scientific practice alternate between the two stages of the Routine Science and Science Revolution。There will be a series of "problems" in the regular science period，and scientists can solve these problems during the inquiry process，Then the solutions of these problems are becoming more and more known，Become a case in this field。Kun introduced the concept of an example in the second edition of its "Structure of the Scientific Revolution"。He pointed out，Because the word "paradigm" (paradigm) assumes that it has a certain time limit，Therefore, use "example" to replace it。Further say，Students are starting to receive scientific education，Understand the specific "difficult problem -solution" solution，Start with exactly the same problem examples of learning，Such as an inclined aircraft、Cairpler track and cursor card ulnar、Heatplay、Whistorphin Bridge and other instruments。And those who study a certain science discipline also hope to know what bet365 live casino games specific examples of this discipline。Although we can’t say that the example collection is completely fixed，But whether it is biology, physics or other science，Generally, the example composition of this discipline forms certain consensus，Naturally, learners also know that those views that have been rejected or have not been proven。

Of course，Kun has such a change，It may be related to his understanding of scientific theory。Fundamental speaking，Kain's interpretation of scientific theory is experienced，It is "Summary of the symbols of model modeling through examples and other applications based on examples"。This is further expanded by T. Nixels，His outlook on Kun's example and case -based case、Delivery related to the model。In his opinion，Since the example is so important in Ku's scientific solution，So at least from conventional science，Kun's scientific theory is based on cases or model reasoning theories。Difficulties in science，Nixlers is more detailed，It includes at least rules -based、Case -based and model -based solution。and the following two can be placed under the regular cases in the general sense，They involve two most important features -similarity and similarity。

We might as well look at another scientific cognition example。It is generally considered，When discussing how to get a understanding of an object，The process of category is to achieve by activating the psychological representation of a certain or more examples of the concept of cognitive subject.。Of course，Perhaps there are other paths to achieve grasp of the concept itself，Bet365 app download If the type of one or more specific examples and even the example is characterized to characterize，If we can see a certain type of dog we see，or some dogs I saw when I first learned the word "dog" to characterize the concept of "dog"; the concept of the concept of "pants" can be achieved。

But，S. Stch is more pessimistic about any of the above paths，It is difficult for the examples involving examples or prototypes to explain what conceptual representation。There are roughly two reasons: First, most concepts have their independent example models and prototype models，They will make the cognitives have different predictions，This will make the cognitive try to study which model is better through empirical channels，The usual conclusions will indicate that both entering the road can not fully explain the problem of psychological representation，Even for fruits such as fruits、Birds and other the simplest concepts cannot be done。Second, the operation of the same concept signs in different fields is completely different，Whether it is an outgoing person、Communist Party member、Social concepts derived from sports enthusiasts，Or Apple、Dog、Basic natural concepts such as fruits，There are different operation methods。

Despite this，Sticch agrees with such a consensus，That is the conceptual portrait involving examples、Complex activity of the prototype。Fundamental perspective，It is related to how the category is formed。If a combination of examples，So the category process is usually the psychological characteristic of the first activation Bet365 app download of the example of the concept of a certain concept，Then evaluate the similarity between the examples of the example and the target of the category。Psychological representation of concept through a positive examples or examples of example type，This method can be extended to the new target classification situation。It resorts to similarity，It is just a similar function of the target of the category to them and a positive examples。

The example described above in the science education、The role and effect played in scientific practice see，It is very different from the law or principle of use。Of course，If we only consider those highly ideal phenomena，And there are accurate interpretation solutions for it，So in addition to the use of examples, you do not necessarily explain every new phenomenon from scratch，There seems to be no form of differences。But，In the case of the real world phenomenon，Examples often contain a lot of extra knowledge，Correction、Standardized、Recent effect。But these can not be pushed out of the basic laws，What we need to know is that the example describes every step that connects the law and the phenomenon。This looks like，In the specific situation, the example is based on some laws。By re -use the derivative steps from the example，We not only use the law (re -)，There is also correction、Additional knowledge such as approximation。Specicism integrates the productivity of the law and the specificity of the specific interpretation (Specification)。Although specialism emphasizes specific explanations of only specific phenomena，bet365 best casino games But samitism explains the new phenomenon through re -use (part) explanation，This means that it uses these explanations。But for explanation，One of the problems you need to face for exampleism is which explanation can be regarded as examples。

Of course，Regardless of the use of examples for scientific understanding，Still reference the examples in the conceptual portrait，It contains usual interpretation and demonstration methods，A Fortiori Argument。Specifically，They are all for a single selected situation，But further advocates the views held in this situation or the understanding of formation is also applicable to a more common situation。Successful practice of this is scientific、Art and even daily life，Especially in learning activities, you can see everywhere。But as a method，We seem to have to admit what C. Elkin said，The process of exampleization is a choice process，It is often through cover、Degraded or marginalized other examples to present the features of a certain example，After all, "Nothing can do it is the only color worth choosing on the palette"。Despite this，Elkin does not deny the example theory as a scientific understanding、Scientific Practice、Methodism of scientific cognition，Just say that there may be a prejudice in the selection of examples。Look at the positive effects of the realization goals such as the characteristics of the example.，Its cognitive contribution may be in the specific manifestation of the selected features。In this sense,，Anything that accurately and examples of those features make bet365 live casino games the same contribution in a proper context，Just like a DNA molecule that shows the molecular structure，Anything that shows the same structure has the ability to assume the same features in our understanding of DNA，It plays a role that deserves。

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(Author Unit: The College of Marxism College of Ningbo University)