Looking at the history of Western moral philosophy，It is not difficult to find the triple variation of virtue and knowledge。The ancient Greek philosopher believes "virtue is knowledge"，Modern philosopher bacon advocates "Knowledge is power"，Kant claims that "virtue is power"。This is an interesting three -paragraph discussions，Among them, the replacement of self -denial and belief that implies thoughts。This article attempts to cut these three beliefs of the era of the era of the three faith、Variation logic and its contemporary meaning。

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In the ancient Berricley era，Greeks advocate strength is moral。This letter was gradually replaced by the new virtue。For example，The Soul of the Pythagras School of the Soul Immortal Doctrine laid the foundation for the study of how the good and evil acts in the world affect the reincarnation of the soul or award or punishment。This is the earliest prototype of the theory。Pythagoras is keen on mathematics and music，Emphasize the so -called "median" function concept，Emphasize the two extremes of balance，This is directly connected to the later view of the subsequent Aristotle。Another，Pythagoras also regards the correct reasoning (understanding) as the basis for judging good behavior，This is the earliest germination of the ancient Greek knowledge theory of virtue。After Pythagoras，Happy life depends on whether people can follow rational life，Become the mainstream morality of ancient Greece。Happiness is based on intellectual (reasoning)，Just as Eudaimonia emphasized by Democylite，Bet365 app download The mind is the foundation of human health，Good life depends on a good feeling (this feeling also belongs to the category of the Greek rational activities)。Justitia、Brave (Fortitudo)、Temperantia (Temperantia) are all prudentia。The famous saying of Xiaoyao School "Medicine treats physical diseases，Wisdom to remove mental restlessness "，This is the truth。The reason what the ancient Greeks said is a broad sense、A full human rational activity，Including sensory、Judgment、Inference、Calculation and other mental activities，Even wisdom、Wise belongs to this column，Even the practical wisdom of Aristotle (Phronles) belongs to the category of human rationality。The coordinated model of virtue and rational knowledge has been initially established in ancient Greece。Socrates、Plato、Aristotlers of Aristotle practiced and defended this model in their own way。Socrates has personally implemented a model moral requirement for Delphi Temple: self -knowledge and restraint。

As long as a person "knows" what is good、Correct，He will definitely make behaviors that meet this kind of cognition。This is called morality and wisdom and optimism by later generations。Plato and Aristotle in their writings，Undoubtedly inherited and developed this proposition。Plato develops a self -perfect ethics in a series of dialogue。Discussion that can be taught in virtue，originated from Socrates。About everyone is willing to be good，The thought that no one is willing to do evil is based on this。Plato inherited Socrate's moral rationality，Developed a unique theory about the relationship between the souls，That is justice theory。These thoughts are very rich in later dialogue，The detailed analysis of the Intelligence bet365 best casino games and Knowledge is amazing。

Aristotle is undoubtedly the master of the virtue of the ancient Greek knowledge theory。His happiness and happiness theory (Eudaimonism) and the purpose of the purpose are closely related。"Settlement of School" opens the mind: knowledge is human nature。When people are very familiar with the knowledge about ethics，and produce in the heart to make your behavior habits meet ethical and morality，The purpose of moral activities has achieved。The core of Aristotle theory is the "Middle Tao" view。When he determines the middle way of virtue，Emphasize the importance of emotional assessment。His theory of happiness is also based on emotion、Three Soul Elements of Power and Habits。virtue is a beautiful habit，From the surface，Aristotle departs from morality and wise theory，In essence, still emphasizes the priority of priority in the four -hook virtue。He regards practical wisdom as a habit of thoughtful and careful judgment of personal moral behavior。

　　Knowledge is strength

Bacon emphasizes the value and purpose of knowledge，I think the wisdom of the ancient Greeks is like a childhood of knowledge，Can only talk about，but cannot give birth; full of argument，But there is no practical effect。Bacon pointed out，Pride with knowledge，Ignore power，is the fundamental reason that causes knowledge (science) without progress。So，He emphasized that it is necessary to open a road that is completely different from the past。"New Tools" advocates scientific experiments，Requires the scope of expanding knowledge，Emphasized experience induction，No longer sticking to rational interpretation。Bacon thinks，If you want to achieve more far away、More hidden parts，Only rely on new bet365 best casino games methods, that is, practice、Observation、Thinking、Research，In this way。Nature is the most valued by Bacon，He proposed the great task of knowing nature in "Great Revival"。

In "New Tools"，Bacon proposed "Knowledge is Power" for the first time。He pointed out，Human knowledge and strength are combined with one，I don’t know the reason，It will not cause results，Knowledge and strength complement each other。The effectiveness and value of knowledge and knowledge is one thing。The path of reaching the power of human beings and the path to achieve human knowledge is almost the same。Bacon claim that you must order naturally。The task of science is to discover the law of nature，and the real scientific requirement experiment is closely combined with rationality。Bacon regards the advancement of human skills and improvement of human technology in the invention of technology.。

Bacon also reflects the idea of ​​"knowledge is power" when discussing good problems。One aspect，His emphasis on the goodness of nature is self -love and benefit。Human self -love has been different from the beginning of animal -like self -love: Human self -love not only has self -preservation、Self -promoting desire，There is also the desire to push yourself and people，The first two desires produced personal negative good (independent body)，The last desire produced the goodness of society (and good world)。The goodness of the individual and the goodness of the group rely on benevolence to maintain。Bacon regards the goodness of the group as the first place、More valuable good，The core of ethics is to cultivate this kind of good。Bagan believes that the habit is the second day of human、Second Nature。The habit can be cultivated，Morality is taught。Power of personal habits，Need to cultivate bet365 best casino games in the group，Because the group's habit is greater。People cannot be satisfied with understanding、Know what morality is，It should be cultivated through the habit of the day after tomorrow，Consolidate the knowledge of virtue (knowledge)。This training needs to rely on order、Social environment with good discipline，The social environment is very important for the cultivation of virtue。Training is learning，Good virtue from truth，This shows the strong belief of bacon "knowledge is power"。

　　Morality is strength

Kant's virtue theory is undoubtedly the most influential。"Morality is Power" is its representative slogan。In "Moral Sacrifice"，Kant first provides morality: morality is moral courage or morality。"The ability to resist a powerful but unjust enemy and the determination to think about is courage，In terms of the enemy in our hearts, it is moral (moral courage)。"" In Practice Criticism，Kant also said, "Morality is the morality of fighting"。

Kant specifically put forward the proposition of "morality is the strength" in the moralism theory of "Morality and School"。"Morality means a moral force of will ... is the moral force of a person's will when he obeys his obligations，Obligations are a moral forced by their own legislative and rationality ... But because forced compulsory should be irresistible，For this, force，The degree of power can only be measured by the obstacles caused by people due to their preferences ... so，This moral force，as courage (moral courage)，It also constitutes the largest person、The only、Real battle honor，It is also called real wisdom，That is the wisdom of practice: because it makes people survive the ultimate purpose of the world become their own purpose。—— Only own it，Talents are freedom bet365 best casino games "。Kant has regarded virtue as attributes of will from beginning to end，The power of virtue belongs to will。This is not available by the ancient Greek virtue and bacon knowledge view。They either make virtue rationality，Either link good and scientific knowledge directly。Only Kant explicitly pointed out，The basis of virtue is the basis of freedom，instead of knowledge or knowledge，This is the key to the reason why Kant who can overcome Aristotle Middle Taoism。

Of course，The will of a person is incomplete will，The will to obey obligations faces the enemy of nature's preference。The reason why the human will can face a strong preference from nature、Brave power，Exclude obstacles from desire and hobbies，Responsible for your responsibility，It is because the practical rationality itself has this power。This kind of "rationality is a huge power that resists，It exclude all foreign interference，Clean all the intentions of self -interest，Keep the purity and seriousness of the moral laws promulgated by itself "。This power shows that "command type"。command formula is the logical form of the law of morality，It is both rational compulsory，It is also the self -discipline or self -compulsory of will，Unlike the "joy" caused by feelings of the will of the will。The former is based on the principle of rationality，is generally inevitable，and the latter out of the subjective sensation，is subjective、Occasionally，Different from person to person。

When Kant emphasizes the use of his own reason to use his own reason，The contemporary person Harman ridiculed him to forget his awe of God。After World War II，With the criticism and reflection of modern technology，Jonas criticized Bacon forgotten the ancient product style，Criticizing Kant to forget bet365 best casino games the awe of nature。Jonas replaced benevolence with simplicity，Awater replace bravery，His responsibility ethics made a bottom -up replacement on the above three traditional beliefs。Whether Middo is knowledge，still knowledge is strength，Or virtue is strength，Jonas has given serious reflection and a thorough regulation。

　　(Author Unit: Department of Philosophy of Nanjing University)