Throughout the history of Western moral philosophy，It is not difficult to find the triple variation of virtue and knowledge。Ancient Greek philosophers believed that "bet365 bonus code pa knowledge"，Modern philosopher Bacon advocated that "knowledge is power"，Kant declared that "bet365 bonus code pa power"。This is an interesting syllogism diagram，It implies the self-denial of thoughts and the succession of beliefs。This article attempts to cut the contemporary connotations of these three beliefs、Variation logic and its contemporary significance。

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In the ancient era of Pericles，The Greeks advocated strength as morality。This creed was gradually replaced by a new view of bet365 bonus code pa。For example，The Pythagoreans’ theory of the immortality of the soul laid the foundation for studying how good and evil deeds in this world affect the different consequences of rewards or punishments when the soul is reincarnated。This is the earliest prototype of the blame theory。Pythagoras was keen on mathematics and music，Emphasis on the so-called "median" function concept，Emphasis on balancing the two extremes，In practice, this is directly connected with the later Aristotle’s view of the Middle Way。Also，Pythagoras also regarded correct reasoning (understanding) as the basis for judging good behavior，This is the earliest germination of the ancient Greek epistemological view of bet365 bonus code pa。After Pythagoras，Happiness in life depends on whether a person can live a rational life，Became the mainstream moral creed in ancient Greece。Happiness is maintained by reason (reasoning)，As emphasized in Democritus’ eudaimonia，The mind is the foundation of human health，A good life depends on good feelings (this feeling also belongs to the category of rational activities of the Greeks)。justitia、Brave (fortitudo)、Temperance (temperantia) is governed by prudence (prudentia)。Xiaoyao School's famous saying "Medicine treats physical diseases，Wisdom removes mental uneasiness”，This is the truth。The ancient Greeks called reason in a broad sense、Comprehensive human intellectual activities，Including feelings、Judgment、Inference、Calculation and other mental activities，Even wisdom、All wise people belong to this category，Even Aristotle’s practical wisdom (phronesis) belongs to the category of human reason。The model of synergy between bet365 bonus code pa and intellectual knowledge has been initially established in ancient Greece。Socrates、Plato、Great philosophers such as Aristotle have practiced and defended this model in their own way。Socrates even personally practiced the exemplary moral requirements of the Temple of Delphi: self-knowledge and temperance。

As long as a person "knows" what is good、Correct，He will definitely behave in line with this understanding。This is called moral intellectualism and intellectual optimism by later generations。Plato and Aristotle in their writings，Undoubtedly inherited and developed this proposition。Plato develops an ethics of self-improvement in a series of dialogues。Discussion on whether bet365 bonus code pa can be taught，From Socrates。About everyone is willing to do good，This is the basis of the idea that no one wants to do evil。Plato inherited Socrates’ moral intellectualism，Developed a unique theory about the relationship between the parts of the soul，The Theory of Justice。These ideas are very rich in the later dialogue，The detailed analysis of intelligence and knowledge is breathtaking。

Aristotle is undoubtedly the master of ancient Greek epistemological virtues。His eudaimonism is closely related to teleology。"Metaphysics" has a clear meaning at the beginning: seeking knowledge is human nature。When a person is very familiar with the knowledge about ethics and virtue，When you have the inner desire to make your behavior and habits consistent with ethics，The purpose of moral activities is achieved。The core of Aristotle’s virtue theory is the concept of “the middle way”。In determining the mean of virtue，Emphasis on the importance of perceptual evaluation。His theory of happiness is also based on emotion、The three soul elements of strength and habits。bet365 bonus code pa good habits，On the surface，Aristotle deviated from moral intellectualism，In essence, it still emphasizes the priority of prudence among the four cardinal virtues。He regards practical wisdom as a habit of careful consideration and careful judgment regarding personal moral behavior。

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Bacon emphasized the value and use of bet365 bonus code pa，Think that the wisdom of the ancient Greeks is like the childhood of bet365 bonus code pa，Can only talk，But unable to have children；Full of arguments，But it has no effect。Bacon pointed out，Proud to have bet365 bonus code pa，Ignore the power，It is the root cause of the lack of progress in bet365 bonus code pa (science)。Therefore，He emphasized that human reason must open up a completely different path from the past。"New Tools" advocates scientific experiments，Request to expand the scope of bet365 bonus code pa，Emphasis on experience induction，No longer stick to rational deduction。Bacon thinks，To reach nature further、The more hidden part，You can only rely on new methods, that is, practice、Observation、Thinking、Argument，In this way, we can bring real improvement to the human mind and reason。Nature is what Bacon values ​​most，He proposed the great task of understanding nature in "The Great Revival"。

In "New Tools"，Bacon first proposed that "bet365 bonus code pa is power"。He pointed out，Human bet365 bonus code pa and power become one，Don’t know the reason，It cannot cause results，bet365 bonus code pa and power complement each other。bet365 bonus code pa and its utility and value are the same thing。The path to human power and the path to human bet365 bonus code pa are almost the same。Bacon believed that in order to command nature, one must first obey nature。The task of science is to discover the laws of nature，Real science requires the close integration of experiment and reason。Bacon regards the progress and perfection of human skills spawned by technological inventions as a great turn in human axiology。

Bacon also reflected his idea of ​​"knowledge is power" when discussing the issue of good。On the one hand，He emphasized that the goodness of nature is self-love and benefiting others。Human self-love is different from animal self-love from the beginning: human self-love is not only self-preservation、The desire for self-promotion，There is also an expansive desire to extend oneself to others，The first two desires produce negative personal good (self-care)，The last desire produces social good (and benefits the world)。Individual goodness and collective goodness are both maintained by benevolence。Bacon regards the good of the group as the first priority、More valuable good，Believe that the core of ethics lies in cultivating this kind of good。Bacon believes that habits are second nature to people、Second Nature。Habits can be developed，Virtue can be taught。The power of personal habits，Need to be cultivated in the group，Because the group’s habits are more powerful。People cannot just be satisfied with understanding、Know what bet365 bonus code pa，It should be cultivated through acquired habits，Consolidate the knowledge of virtue。This kind of cultivation requires orderly、Well-disciplined social environment，Social environment is very important for the cultivation of morality。Cultivation is learning，Goodness comes from truth，This shows Bacon’s strong belief that “knowledge is power”。

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Kant’s theory of bet365 bonus code pa undoubtedly the most influential。“bet365 bonus code pa strength” is its representative slogan。In "The Metaphysics of Morals"，Kant first defined virtue: bet365 bonus code pa moral courage or moral ambition。“The ability and deliberate determination to stand up to a powerful but unjust enemy is courage，The enemy of moral aspirations in us is virtue (moral courage)。”In Critique of Practical Reason，Kant also said that "bet365 bonus code pa the moral ambition to fight"。

Kant specifically proposed the proposition "bet365 bonus code pa power" in the introduction to the theory of virtue in "The Metaphysics of Morals"。“Virtue means a moral force of will... the moral force of a man’s will in obedience to his duties，Obligation is a moral compulsion derived from its own legislative reason...but since the compulsion should be irresistible，For this, strength is needed，We can only measure the degree of power by the degree of obstacles that people create for themselves due to their preferences...so，This moral power，As courage (moral courage)，Also constitutes the largest human body、The only one、Real battle honor，It is also called true wisdom，That is, practical wisdom: because it makes the ultimate purpose of human existence in the world become its own purpose。——Only if you have it，Talents are free”。Kant regards virtue as an attribute of the will from beginning to end，The power of virtue belongs to the will。This is something that the ancient Greek view of virtue and Bacon’s view of knowledge do not have。They either intellectualize virtue，Either directly link goodness with scientific knowledge。Only Kant explicitly stated it，The basis for virtue to be bet365 bonus code pa free will，Not reason or knowledge，This is the key reason why Kant was able to overcome Aristotle’s Taoism。

Of course，Human will is an incomplete will，The will to obey duty faces the enemy of natural preference。The reason why human will can produce a strong will in the face of preferences from nature、The power of courage，Remove obstacles from desires and hobbies，Take your responsibility，It is because practical reason itself has bet365 bonus code pa power。bet365 bonus code pa kind of "reason is a huge irresistible force，It excludes all external interference，Clear all self-serving intentions，Keep the purity and seriousness of the moral laws you promulgate”。bet365 bonus code pa kind of power is expressed as "command"。Imperative is the logical expression of moral law，It is a rational compulsion，It is also the self-discipline or self-enforcement of the will，Different from the "pleasure" caused by the influence of feeling on the will。The former is based on rational principles，It is universal and inevitable，The latter is based on subjective feelings，It’s subjective、accidental，Varies from person to person。

When Kant emphasized the courage to use one’s reason，Contemporary Haman ridiculed him for forgetting the fear of God。After World War II，With the criticism and reflection on modern technology，Jonas criticized Bacon for forgetting the ancient temperance，Criticize Kant for forgetting his respect for nature。Jonas replaces kindness with simplicity，Replace bravery with awe，His responsibility ethics completely replaces the above three traditional beliefs。Every bet365 bonus code pa knowledge，Knowledge is power，Or bet365 bonus code pa strength，Jonas has given serious reflection and thorough reassessment。

　　(Author’s affiliation: Department of bet365 bonus code pa, Nanjing University)