Virtue Epistemology is a more unique branch in contemporary knowledge，It has changed the traditional knowledge theory of the research center，Investigation of Intellectual Virtues to generate knowledge。Since proposed，German knowledge theory has aroused extensive discussions from foreign epistemologists，It has also become a hot spot for discussion in the domestic academic community in recent years。

From the perspective of content，Moral knowledge theory attempts to return to Aristotle，Borrowing the concept of rational morality to discuss knowledge as the need for knowledge and morality。Different from traditional knowledge, the true faith of knowledge that is defended (Justified True Believe，jtb) viewpoint，German knowledge theory treats knowledge as the results obtained by the rational morality of the cognitive subject。This makes German knowledge no longer pay attention to the specific conditions of JTB，but pay attention to the state of the cognitive subject，Pay attention to the rational morality required for generating knowledge。This steering from "instance" to "energy"，In a sense, the classical knowledge feature represented by Aristotle in classical philosophy，That is, the cognitive itself is determined by the internal attributes of the cognitive person，and closely connect with ordinary ethics at the same time。

From the perspective of characteristics，German knowledge theory has two distinctive features。First，German knowledge theory treats knowledge theory as a standardized discipline。Moral knowledge theory opposes the radical proposition of Quinn "knowledge theory"。Quinn thinks，The theory of knowledge should abandon the question of "reasonable believe in what it means"Bet365 lotto review ，Instead, the problem should be limited in cognitive psychology。In other words，Quinn believes that the problem of knowledge theory is invalid，knowledge theory should be replaced by cognitive science or psychology。Morality knowledge, although it is also believed that traditional knowledge theory has problems in the problem domain，But it believes that this is just an error in the direction of the problem。German knowledge theory advocates that knowledge theory should pay attention to the rules of knowledge、The value of knowledge and the problem of cognitive evaluation standards。This makes concepts such as "knowledge", "evidence", and "evidence" in traditional knowledge theory are no longer understood as a descriptive concept，and become a normative concept with distinctive value evaluation。2，Morality The Theory of German knowledge will be a cognitive individual or cognitive group as a research object of knowledge theory，Not only pay attention to their nature as the object itself，Also pay attention to the traits they show in the cognitive process。This trait of moral knowledge makes it closely connected with moral ethics。For moral ethics，Morality is the primary concept in moral evaluation，The evaluation object is the quality and motivation of the subject's own，This is different from traditional utilitarianism and obligation theory of ethics based on behavior as a moral evaluation object。similar to it，Morality knowledge also converts traditional knowledge theory based on the model of cognitive behavior as the evaluation object to inspect the cognitive quality and cognitive ability of cognitive subjects。

From the background generated，Although moral knowledge theory borrows Aristotle's concept of rational and morality，But its philosophy historical origin can be called diversified。According to German's own statement，The concepts Bet365 app download and methods of moral knowledge can be traced back to Plato、Aristotle、Aquina、Descartes，can also be in Hume、Kerka Guoer、Nietzsche、Person and others in the philosophy of the philosophy a little clue。You can see，The generation of moral knowledge theory is deeply influenced by the classical philosophy and medieval theology centered on virtue，It is influenced by the trend of philosophy of modern irrationalism。

Of course，Contemporary German knowledge theory did not really produce until the 1980s。Enstest Sosa tried to solve the theory of basic epistemology such as the theory of basic epistemology such as "Virtue Perspectism" in its series of papers.、Differences between intriulence and externalism。Sosa's method aroused Kou De、Montma Quart、The interests of scholars such as Kafan Weige，They think Sasa's thinking is very attractive，But at the same time, I also think that Sasa is defined as virtue、Training、The issue of the relationship is not satisfactory enough。The addition of many scholars has made German knowledge theory as a new knowledge theory.。

The special background generated by German knowledge determines that it is both "modern"，Research on the "Retro" again。On the one hand，Morality Theory was born in the environment of British and American analytical philosophy，This makes most virtue knowledgeists just under the big framework of German knowledge，Follow the analysis of the traditional knowledge theory standards to solve the problem of traditional knowledge theory。They adopt the usual practice in analytical philosophy，Through the method of conceptual analysis and concept definition to study concepts such as "knowledge" and "prove"，and the practice of constructing examples and counter -examples to solve the problem of traditional knowledge such as "Georier"。A typical representative is Zagzerboski，She re -defines "knowledge" as a based on virtue、The state of the cognitive subject worthy of trust，Bet365 lotto review and try to solve the "Gaelier problem" through this new definition of "knowledge"。On the other hand，Morality knowledge has a very clear theoretical tendency to return to the classical theoretical tendency，This makes some moral knowledge thectors try to escape the analysis philosophy tradition on the methodology and problems。They try to avoid strict concept definition and analysis on the method，In terms of content, try to get rid of traditional knowledge concepts such as "knowledge" and "prove"，Turning to the investigation of concepts such as "understanding", "wisdom", "intentional" in the social living environment。For example，Kafan Weige believes that it is necessary to abandon Descartes' knowledge theory mode，Pay attention to the character and role of intellectual morality during the education process。Another，Based on different understanding of rational morality，Morality knowledge is roughly divided into virtue and reliable theisitions and virtue responsibility theories。Representative of the reliable person is represented by Sosa，Think that rational morality is a specific understanding function that people have，Perception like perception、Memory、Intuition, etc.，It is a series of official energy; and the responsible theoretical person is represented by Zagezerki，Think that rational morality is human inherent quality，Such as duty、Enchanting、humility, etc.，Is a series of quality morality。You can see，Although it is under the big framework of Germany's knowledge，Different differences within the contemporary moral knowledge are not weaker than the differences between the factions in traditional knowledge。Therefore, contemporary moral knowledge theory should be understood as discrete collection with the concept of rational morality as the core，instead of a knowledge theory with unified goals and methods。

Battaren's question about the moral knowledge theory of moral knowledge is Bet365 app download summarized into five aspects: whether the human morality is innate or acquired; ; How to distinguish between rational morality and skills; whether morality is reliable; why can rational morality be valuable。These five questions about rational morality，Actually outlines the general trend of the development of German knowledge。

First，Contemporary moral knowledge theory is no longer limited to the inspection of a cognitive subject in individuals，Start paying attention to group knowledge。Kafan Weige pointed out that traditional episodes have clear individualism and consensus tendencies，It pays attention to the cognition of individuals at a specific time point。But，As far as the actual cognition is concerned，It is obviously not only personal，It also belongs to the group; it is not only a moment every time，and has significant durability and genetic。Therefore，Need to examine the role played in the process of group knowledge generation。

Second，Contemporary morality knowledge is no longer limited to the inspection of "virtue"，Start bet365 live casino games paying attention to the role of "evil virtue" in the process of understanding。In the past, virtue knowledge theory regarded the morality of rationality as a virtue that produced a positive effect on the generation of knowledge。But from another perspective，This also means that there is a vulnerable virtue that produces negative effects on knowledge generation。further，The same morality is different according to the conditions，sometimes becomes virtue，Sometimes it becomes evil morals。For example，Witcom inspected the concept of reason and humility，He believes that moderate reason and humility can make people overcome limitations，Excessive reason and humility will make people succeed and difficult to get knowledge。

third，Contemporary moral knowledge theory is no longer limited to the narrow "knowledge"，Start bet365 live casino games paying attention to the inner state other than "knowledge"。Morality Theory maintains the research method and problem of traditional knowledge theory to a large extent，This makes the concept of "knowledge" often associate with the concept of "true belief"。But，Except for this narrow "knowledge"，A person's cognitive process actually involves many other inherent states，For example, understanding、understanding, etc.。So，What is the role of intellectual morality in these states? Zagzerboski hopes that future moral knowledge can be restored to understanding、Research interests of concepts such as wisdom。

Fourth，Contemporary morality knowledge theory began to pay attention to emotion with cognition。No doubt，All kinds of rational morality discussed in German knowledge is often accompanied by some specific emotion，Like curious、Fear、Suspected。Compared to specific rational morality，These emotions are easier to be perceived。Alfuni thinks，If we can establish a contact between rational morality and the emotions accompanied by it，Then we may be through the investigation of cognitive emotions，Discover those rational morality that has not yet been noteworthy。

Of course，In addition to the development trend of the first four types of development,，For domestic researchers，The more direct trend is that the theory of German knowledge restores the connection between the development of traditional Chinese philosophy and modern epistemology。For a long time in the past for a long time，The discussion of whether Chinese philosophy can participate in contemporary epistemology is very suspicious。but，With the virtue steering of virtue knowledge，In traditional Chinese philosophy, those views that close knowledge and virtue have gained a special vision，Make it not only can join the discussion of contemporary Bet365 app download moral knowledge theory，It also provides a new understanding for yourself。

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