bet365 withdrawal is a relatively unique branch of contemporary epistemology，It changed the tradition of epistemology that centered on propositional knowledge，Turn to the examination of the relevant intellectual virtues that generate knowledge。Since proposed，bet365 withdrawal has aroused extensive discussion among foreign epistemologists，has also become a hot topic of discussion in domestic academic circles in recent years。

From the content，bet365 withdrawal attempts to return to Aristotle，Use the concept of intellectual virtue to discuss the intellectual virtue required for knowledge。Different from traditional epistemology, which regards knowledge as justified true belief (Justified True Believe，JTB)’s view，bet365 withdrawal regards knowledge as the result of the full development of intellectual virtue within the cognitive subject。This makes bet365 withdrawal no longer focus on the specific conditions of JTB，But focus on the state of the cognitive subject，Focus on the intellectual virtues needed to generate knowledge。This shift from “what” to “can”，In a sense, it restores the characteristics of classical epistemology represented by Aristotle in classical philosophy，That is, cognition itself is determined by the internal attributes of the cognizer，At the same time, it is closely related to general ethics。

From the characteristics，bet365 withdrawal has two distinctive features。First，bet365 withdrawal treats epistemology as a normative discipline。bet365 withdrawal opposes Quine’s radical claim of “naturalization of epistemology”。Quinn thinks，The theory of knowledge should abandon the question of "what it means to reasonably believe"，Constrain the question to cognitive psychology instead。In other words，Quine believes that the problem of epistemology is invalid，Theory of knowledge should be replaced by cognitive science or psychology。Although bet365 withdrawal also believes that traditional epistemology has problems in the problem domain，But it thinks this is just a mistake in the direction of the problem。bet365 withdrawal claims that epistemology should focus on the rules of knowledge、The value of knowledge and the issue of cognitive evaluation criteria。This makes concepts such as "knowledge", "evidence" and "justification" in traditional epistemology no longer understood as a descriptive concept，It becomes a normative concept with distinct value evaluation。Second，bet365 withdrawal takes cognitive individuals or cognitive groups as the research object of epistemology，Not only pay attention to their properties as objects themselves，Also pay attention to the characteristics they show in the cognitive process。This characteristic of bet365 withdrawal makes it closely connected with virtue ethics。For virtue ethics，Virtue is the primary concept in moral evaluation，The evaluation object is the quality and motivation of the actor himself，This is different from traditional utilitarianism and deontology ethics, which take behavior as the object of moral evaluation。Similar to this，bet365 withdrawal also transforms the model of cognitive behavior as the evaluation object in traditional epistemology into an examination of the cognitive quality and cognitive ability of the cognitive subject。

Judging from the background，Although the theory of bet365 withdrawal borrows Aristotle’s concept of intellectual virtue，But its origins in the history of philosophy can be called diverse。According to the moralists themselves，The concepts and methods of bet365 withdrawal can be traced back to Plato、Aristotle、Aquinas、Where Descartes is，Also in Hume、Kierkegaard、Nietzsche、There are some clues in the philosophy of Pierce and others。Can see，The emergence of bet365 withdrawal was deeply influenced by virtue-centered classical philosophy and medieval theology，Influenced by the modern irrationalist philosophical trend。

Of course，Contemporary bet365 withdrawal did not really emerge until the 1980s。In a series of papers, Ernest Sosa tried to use "Virtue Perspectivism" to solve problems in traditional epistemology such as foundational theory and coherence theory、The differences between internalism and externalism。Souza's methods aroused Corder、Montmarquet、The interest of scholars such as Kafanweig，They find Sosa’s ideas attractive，But at the same time, I also think that Sosa is in the definition of virtue、Cultivation、Not satisfied enough on relationship issues。The participation of many scholars has established bet365 withdrawal as a new epistemological path。

The special background of the emergence of bet365 withdrawal determines that it is both "modern"，Another “retro” research approach。On the one hand，bet365 withdrawal emerged in the context of British and American analytic philosophy，This makes most virtue epistemologists only work within the broad framework of bet365 withdrawal，Solve the problems of traditional epistemology according to the epistemology standards of the analytic philosophy tradition。They adopt the usual approach in analytic philosophy，Study concepts such as "knowledge" and "justification" through concept analysis and concept definition，And use the method of constructing examples and counterexamples to solve traditional knowledge theory problems such as the "Gettier problem"。A typical representative is Zagzeboski，She redefines “knowledge” as something that is generated or maintained based on virtue、The state of a trustworthy cognitive subject，And try to solve the "Gettier problem" through this new definition of "knowledge"。On the other hand，The theory of bet365 withdrawal has a very clear theoretical tendency to return to the classics，This has led some moral epistemologists to try to escape the tradition of analytic philosophy in terms of methodology and issues。They try to avoid strict conceptual definition and analysis in their approach，In terms of content, it attempts to break away from traditional epistemological concepts such as "knowledge" and "justification"，Turn to the examination of concepts such as "understanding", "wisdom" and "intention" in the context of social life。For example，Kavanweg believes that the Cartesian epistemological model must be abandoned，And pay attention to the role and function of intellectual morality in the education process。Also，Based on different understandings of intellectual virtue，Virtue epistemologists are roughly divided into virtue reliabilists and virtue responsibility theorists。Reliabilityists are represented by Sousa，Considering that intellectual virtue is the specific cognitive faculty possessed by people，such as perception、Memory、Intuition, etc.，is a series of functional virtues；The responsibility theorists are represented by Zagzeboski，Believe that intellectual virtue is the inherent quality of human beings，Such as being responsible、Enlightened、Humility, etc.，It is a series of qualities and virtues。Can see，Although they are both under the general framework of bet365 withdrawal，The differences within contemporary virtue epistemologists are no less than the differences between the various factions in traditional epistemology。Therefore, contemporary bet365 withdrawal should be understood as a discrete collection with the concept of intellectual virtue as the core，Rather than an epistemological sect with unified goals and methods。

Batali summarized the issues about intellectual virtue in the theory of bet365 withdrawal into five aspects: Is intellectual virtue innate or acquired；Does the possession of intellectual virtue require some kind of motivation or character of the cognitive subject；How to distinguish intellectual virtue and skills；Is virtue reliable?；Why can intellectual virtue be valuable。These five questions about intellectual virtue，In fact, it outlines the general trend of the development of bet365 withdrawal。

First，Contemporary moral epistemology is no longer limited to the examination of cognitive subjects based on individuals，Start paying attention to group knowledge。Kavanweg pointed out that traditional epistemology has a distinct tendency of individualism and consensus，It focuses on an individual’s cognition at a specific point in time。However，In terms of actual cognition，It's obviously not just personal，Also belongs to the group；It is not just a matter of time and place，And it has significant diachronic and heritable properties。Therefore，Need to examine the role of intellectual bet365 withdrawal in the generation of group knowledge。

Second，Contemporary bet365 withdrawal is no longer limited to the examination of "virtue"，Start to pay attention to the role of "evil virtue" in the process of understanding。Previous theories of bet365 withdrawal regarded intellectual virtue as a virtue that has a positive effect on the generation of knowledge。But from another perspective，This also means that there are evil virtues that have a negative effect on the generation of knowledge。Further，The same virtue varies according to conditions，Sometimes it becomes a virtue，Sometimes it becomes a bad virtue。For example，Whitcomb examines the concept of intellectual humility，He believes that moderate intellectual humility can enable people to overcome limitations，Excessive intellectual humility will make people succumb and make it difficult to obtain knowledge。

　Third，Contemporary moral epistemology is no longer limited to "knowledge" in the narrow sense，Start to pay attention to inner states other than “knowledge”。bet365 withdrawal maintains to a large extent the research methods and issues of traditional epistemology，This makes the concept of "knowledge" often associated with concepts such as "true belief"。However，In addition to this narrow sense of "knowledge"，Human cognitive processes actually involve many other internal states，For example, understanding、Understanding etc.。Then，What role does intellectual virtue play in these states？Zagzebowski hopes that the future theory of bet365 withdrawal can restore understanding、Research interests in concepts such as wisdom。

　Fourth，Contemporary moral epistemology begins to pay attention to the emotions accompanying cognition。Without a doubt，The various intellectual virtues discussed in the theory of bet365 withdrawal are often accompanied by some specific emotions，If curious、Fear、Doubt, etc.。Compared to specific intellectual virtue，These emotions are easier to perceive。Alfano thinks，If we could establish a connection between intellectual virtue and its attendant emotions，Then it is possible for us to pass the examination of cognitive emotions，To discover those intellectual virtues that have not yet been paid attention to。

Of course，In addition to the above four development trends that have begun to take shape，For domestic researchers，A more direct trend is that bet365 withdrawal restores the connection between traditional Chinese philosophy and the development of modern epistemology。For a long time in the past，It is very doubtful whether Chinese philosophy can participate in contemporary epistemological discussions。But，The moral turn accompanied by bet365 withdrawal，Those views in traditional Chinese philosophy that closely relate knowledge and virtue have gained a special perspective，So that it can not only join the discussion of contemporary bet365 withdrawal，It also provides a new understanding for itself。

(Author’s unit: bet365 withdrawal Renmin University of China)