After more than three hundred years of chaos bonus bet365 Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties，The Sui and Tang Dynasties ushered bonus bet365 era of unification。From the perspective of academic development history，The compilation of "Five Classics of Justice" became a symbol of this unified era of classics。"Five Classics of Justice" is a concentrated display of Yishu classics bonus bet365 Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties，It is an integrated summary of the development of Confucian classics over the past hundreds of years。But，Looking at it from another angle，A comprehensive collection often means the end of a type。After the Mid-Tang Dynasty，The innovative factors of academic thought gradually emerge。Han Yu、Li Ao’s discussion of mind opened up the core field of discussion bonus bet365 Neo-Confucian era of Song and Ming Dynasties，And help、Zhao Kuang、Lu Chun's new theory of "Spring and Autumn" opened the new classics bonus bet365 Neo-Confucian era。

　Changes in Confucian classics bonus bet365 early Tang Dynasty

As an academic representation of the unified period of the Tang Dynasty，The "Five Classics of Justice" established the unification of Confucian classics，Ending the "divergent teacher training" since the Southern and Northern Dynasties，A situation where nothing can be corrected。Especially through combining with the imperial examination system，The "Five Classics of Justice" has become the official text of classics that all scholars bonus bet365 world follow。However，There were serious flaws bonus bet365 imperial examination system bonus bet365 Tang Dynasty，Resulting in uneven development of the sutras，It laid the foundation for the emergence of later sutra-suspicious thoughts。

The Tang Dynasty combined "Yi", "Poetry" and "Book"、Three "Etiquette"、Three "Zhuan" are the Nine Classics，Due to the huge difference bonus bet365 number of words bonus bet365 sutras，So it is divided into major sutras、Three categories of Middle Sutra and Small Sutra。This system distinction is originally for the sake of fairness bonus bet365 examination，However, during the implementation process, the problem of unbalanced development of various economics occurred。Kaiyuan Year of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty，The problem has already appeared。According to "Tongdian·Election Code"，July of the eighth year of Kaiyuan，Guozi Siye Li Yuancui wrote in a letter，Three "Etiquette"、The three "Zhuan", "Mao Shi", "Shang Shu" and "Book of Changes" are all words of saints，However, scholars all "learned less about the Book of Rites"，Everyone is competing to read”，No one recites "Zhou Rites", "Rituals", "Gong Yang" and "Gu Liang"。The original intention of the Tang Dynasty's system of dividing chapters based on the number of words is forgiven，However, bonus bet365 process of implementation, due to the utilitarianism of the practitioners，As a result, everyone is familiar with such classics as "The Book of Rites"，And "Zhou Rites", "Rites", "Gong Yang" and "Gu Liang" "the Four Classics are almost extinct"。The 16th year of Kaiyuan，Guozi Sacrifice WineAnother memorial，“There are only ten people who study Zuo Zhuan”，If bonus bet365 lasts for a long time，I am afraid of Zuo’s learning，The sun is gone”，At the same time, bonus bet365 also pointed out the possible prospect that "Zhou Rites", "Yili" and "Gongyang" and "Gu Liang" will "almost be abolished"，So bonus bet365 is required to reward those who can master "Zhou Rites", "Rituals", "Gongyang" and "Gu Liang"。Expressed the same concerns as Li Yuancui，And hope to formulate more specific policies to encourage scholars to learn unpopular bonus bet365。

It can be seen from the above two cases，Many scriptures were ignored during the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang bonus bet365，In addition to the "Book of Changes", "Book of Rites", "Shangshu" and other classics，Most of the others were shelved by the scholars。In this context，A new trend of thought in Confucian classics is secretly brewing，And finally emerged through the "Spring and Autumn" study of the Mid-Tang bonus bet365。

　　bonus bet365 seeking scriptures without giving up the teachings

Mid and late Tang Dynasty，Yi Han Yu、Scholars represented by Li Ao are trying to make ideological breakthroughs，And it also helps in studying Confucian classics、Zhao Kuang、The new study of "Spring and Autumn" represented by Lu Chun has completed a certain degree of innovation。This kind of innovation is achieved through the method of giving up teachings and seeking scriptures。Ma Zonghuo once said: "Most of the former Confucians followed the teachings too much，Discrepancies in Gou You Jing's biography，Ning Yan Jing Wrong。啖、Zhao、Lu Ze used the classics to attack and pass，Professing to have gained the sage’s will。”This so-called “saint’s decree” is probably more of a personal idea，bonus bet365 process of elucidating the scriptures，The "Biography" that is not to your liking has obviously become an obstacle，Therefore, the realization of original ideas must abandon the transmission and seek scriptures。bonus bet365 poem Han Yu gave to his friends, there is "Three biographies of "Spring and Autumn"" Shu Gaoge，The famous sentence of "holding the Sutra alone is the beginning"，Although it is a compliment to a friend，But it is often used by researchers to describe the custom of seeking scriptures bonus bet365 mid-late Tang Dynasty。This kind of trend is in line with the trend that originated from Han Yu、Li Ao’s Confucian innovative trend。At the beginning of Song Dynasty，This style of Confucian classics echoes Neo-Confucianism，Ultimately contributed to the transformation of the paradigm of Confucian classics。

In this school of thought, which was later called the New Study of Spring and Autumn Annals，啕help、Zhao Kuang、Lu Chun, three scholars who were both teachers and friends, created a new interpretation paradigm，The influence reached all the way to the Spring and Autumn Annals of the Song Dynasty，Became the forerunner of the Sutra-questioning trend bonus bet365 Song Dynasty。The last years of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty，啖help "Good for "Spring and Autumn"，Test the strengths and weaknesses of three schools，Leaking gaps，No. "Collected Biography"，It takes ten years to achieve success，Reprint its principles as a standard”。But，Unfortunately, Tie Zhu died young，The promotion of his ideas was mainly completed by his disciple Lu Chun。Lu Chun said in his self-report，“The teacher of pain learns poorly，Different from Mr.’s son，Written by oneself，Total records to achieve Zhao Zi，Zhao Ziyin’s profit and loss，Chun Sui compiled it”，Finally written "The Compilation of Biography of Zhao Ji bonus bet365 Spring and Autumn Period" and published。Here Zhao Zi is Zhao Kuang，Once had a profound conversation with Tao Zhu about the meaning of the scriptures，There are many things happening”，Wonderfully gained the essence of his thoughts。So，Lu Chun not only asked Zhao Kuang for help，And his views are also included bonus bet365 book。From this school of thought，The pioneer is Taosuke，The performer is Zhao Kuang，The promoter is Lu Chun。

The reason why this school of thought is called the New Study of Spring and Autumn Annals，The main reason is to put aside the traditional three biographies of "Spring and Autumn"，Open the way to interpret the Bible with your mind。Taosuke thinks，The meaning of "Spring and Autumn" is contained bonus bet365 scriptures rather than bonus bet365 biography，Though the three biographies of "Spring and Autumn" are relics of the previous generation，But they are limited to each other，Unconnected，As a result, the meaning of "Spring and Autumn" cannot be seen through various legends。From this，啕helps Zhang Huitong San "Biography"，But the fundamental point is to choose the contents of the three "Biography" according to one's own will。So，Ziao Zhu further pointed out: "The scriptures that I annotated，Ruojiuzhutong，Then write it down；A little uneasy，Change with the text；Those who cannot understand it，Just follow it up；If you can’t understand it, cut it all and leave a note。"This kind of understanding the scriptures through reasoning、The exegesis method of changing scriptures from theory to commentaries started the trend of studying classics bonus bet365 Song Dynasty in later generations。

　The beginning of doubtful bonus bet365

Although Taosuke and others collected three "Biographies"，But there are also differences in attitudes towards the Three Biography。According to "New Tang Book·Confucian Biography"，Help "love the public、禖二家，Using Zuo’s interpretation is too absurd，The book comes from a disciple of the Kong family”。It can be seen from this，For the three biographies of "Spring and Autumn"，Taoshu prefers "The Legend of Gongyang" and "The Legend of Guliang"，Zuo Zhuan is criticized the most。This is closely related to the era in which Taosuke lived，Zie Zhu personally experienced the Anshi Rebellion，After that, the Tang bonus bet365 fell into a chaotic state of feudal vassals。In this historical context，Jinwen Jingxue, which emphasizes the great unity, will inevitably become the choice of scholars in troubled times。Therefore，Ziao Zhu clearly stated: "Today's "Gongyang" and "Guliang" are almost completely extinct，Those who study "Zuo Shi"，All scriptures are preserved and passed down，Talk about his deeds，Play with literary talent，Rukan historical books，There is no more "Spring and Autumn" micro-purpose。Woohoo！Buy a casket and return a pearl，Isn’t that strange！”

On the basis of supporting opinions，Zhao Kuang even raised doubts about the author of "Zuo Zhuan"。Zhao Kuang bluntly pointed out that the interpretation of "Zuo Zhuan" is not as good as "Gongyang Zhuan" and "Guliang Zhuan"，There are many fallacies in it，This is consistent with Taosuke’s point of view。Zhizhu once said, "The Second Biography of the Sutra"，Secret in "Zuo Shi"，"Grain Liang" has profound meaning，Dictionary Analysis of "Gongyang"。From this, it becomes clearer that this school interprets "Spring and Autumn" although it is a miscellaneous collection of three "Zhuan"，But obviously more inclined to Jinwen Jingxue，And this is also the fundamental reason why they criticize "Zuo Zhuan"。In addition to criticizing "Zuo Zhuan" for its shallow interpretation of scripture，Zhao Kuang also focused on the issue of the author of "Zuo Zhuan"。Since the Han Dynasty，Although "Zuo Zhuan" has been criticized by modern writers，But the fact that its author is Zuo Qiuming does not pose a problem。Zhao Kuangze criticized Sima Qian、Liu Xin and Ban Gu’s views，Point out that the author of "Zuo Zhuan" is titled Zuo，But Zuo is not Zuo Qiuming，And "Guoyu" was not written by Zuo Qiuming，The two books are “definitely not the work of one person”，Also believes that the genealogy of "Zuo Zhuan" listed by Lu Deming, who was also from the Tang Dynasty，Just for the sake of respecting "Zuo Zhuan"。Zhao Kuang’s series of questions about the author of "Zuo Zhuan"，Especially on the relationship between "Zuo Zhuan" and "Guoyu"，It can be said that it has captured the core issue of criticism。In history，The issue of the author of "Zuo Zhuan" and the derived relationship between "Zuo Zhuan" and "Guoyu"，It was originally recorded bonus bet365 book after Sima Qian。This provides critics with conditions for obfuscation，Just question Sima Qian、The views of Liu Xin and others，We can completely deny the classical value of "Zuo Zhuan" and "Guoyu" based on the issue of authorship。

The chaos of the feudal vassals and towns after the Anshi Rebellion prompted scholars of the Middle Tang Dynasty to search for new ideological resources，To support stable order。From this，Jinwen Classics, which advocates the concept of great unification, has regained attention under the situation that "Gongyang" and "Guliang" are almost abolished，The interpretation paradigm of subtle words and broad meanings has also gained new development，Opened the prelude to studying Confucian classics in Song Dynasty。Self-help、Zhao Kuang、Lu Chunshi，Represented by the new study of "Spring and Autumn" bonus bet365 Mid-Tang Dynasty, the trend of abandoning biography and seeking scriptures does not stick to the tradition of one family，Instead, one chooses public communication based on one’s own will，On the surface it means “turning specialization into general education”，But it is completely different from what Zheng Xuan of the Eastern Han Dynasty called Tongxue，The essence is to interpret the Bible according to one’s own opinion。So，"New Book of Tang" criticizes Zhizhu and others for promoting "exploration and sophistry，Criticize predecessors，The culture of saying "give up everything"。But，From a scientific perspective，This approach of abandoning the teachings and seeking scriptures is undoubtedly an innovative move to break away from the shackles of thought，Song people resolutely took great strides along this path。To the Northern Song Dynasty，The trend of skeptical thoughts in Confucian classics research by Sun Fu、Liu Chang and others spoke first，The Confucian classics of Song Dynasty thus opened a new historical stage of Confucian classics。

　(bonus bet365’s unit: Institute of Philosophy, Tianjin Academy of Social Sciences)