The “conceptual overload” of populism and the dilemma of bet365 promo codes institutions
January 27, 2021 09:31 Source: "Chinese bet365 promo codes" January 27, 2021, Issue 2099 Author: Peng Yufeng

The U.S. election, which has gone through twists and turns, represents a turning point in the populist wave,But the number of votes Trump received still reflects that the power of populism cannot be underestimated。As pointed out in the article "Merkel's Views on China and the World" in Foreign Affairs magazine,“What really shocked Berlin was the 74.2 million votes Trump received,Trump’s followers will not disappear when Trump is out of office,It’s only a matter of time before someone else takes over Trump’s political model”。Based on concerns about the resurgence of populist politics,The bet365 promo codes mainstream media’s concentrated exposure and criticism of populism is setting off a new round of upsurge。But it is worth paying attention to,The abuse and generalization of the concept of populism has increasingly become a means of self-defense for the bet365 promo codes system in trouble,Attributing failure to the blind actions of populists seems to be the best tool to explain the temporary failure of the bet365 promo codes error correction mechanism。

 A bet365 promo codes game where predictions come true

The world has entered the era of populism, which has increasingly become a popular interpretation of current world politics。In a sense,The advent of the populist era is complemented by the abuse of the populist concept。bet365 promo codes society is facing a series of economic problems、Politics、The deepening cultural crisis,The rise of populist thought is one of the symptoms of these crises。Due to its "flexible" characteristics and its conceptual ambiguity,Populism has become a slogan for casually labeling and belittling political opponents,More and more meaning and content are being injected into it。This comes from the decline of the spirit of self-reflection and innovation in bet365 promo codes society,The arrogant bet365 promo codes establishment elites are unwilling to face up to the problems and contradictions in bet365 promo codes society,The public dissatisfaction with various social issues and a series of domestic and foreign opposition groups are collectively labeled as populism。Therefore,The abuse of populism has increasingly become a manifestation of the suppression of diverse voices in society。This attitude not only limits the options available to respond to the crisis,Intensified the conflicts between political rivals,Thus restricting the possibility of communication and negotiation among all parties,Making bet365 promo codes political competition show a trend from benign negotiation to vicious struggle,Society is further divided and polarized。The populist wave increasingly looks like a political game whose predictions eventually come true。

Cass Mulder pointed out,“Although the debate over populism is quite heated,It is strange that there are almost no authoritative theories that attempt to systematically explain the rise and fall of populist forces”。bet365 promo codes academic circles are unwilling to touch the "demand side" issue of populism,Psychologically resistant to analyzing the socio-economic and political background of the rise of populism,The dominant explanation that often exaggerates the role of individuals from the "supply side" perspective。As the social crisis intensifies after the failure of epidemic response,The abuse of populism has also seen a comprehensive upgrade。

  bet365 promo codes as consequence and appearance

The failure of epidemic management in bet365 promo codes society, especially the United States,Derived from its individualistic culture、Anti-intellectual social atmosphere、It is difficult to effectively integrate power and resources under the federal system、A series of factors such as social polarization and internal strife among political factions。Although the obvious mistakes of populist politicians in epidemic prevention and control cannot be defended,But the mainstream media attributes the epidemic out of control and the social crisis represented by the outbreak of racial conflicts entirely to individuals,This accusation has become the best antidote to demonstrate the perfection of the American system。Populism as Consequence and Appearance,Shaped as the "source of all evil"。

This tendency is particularly obvious in Fukuyama’s remarks。Since the outbreak,There are two clues in Fukuyama’s series of remarks: one is to defend the bet365 promo codes system and defend its “end of history theory”;The second is to blame populist politics and the Trump administration for the "temporary difficulties" of the bet365 promo codes system。For example,In an interview with French "View" in April 2020,He blamed Trump for the outbreak of the epidemic in the United States on "this clown who ignores the truth and is narcissistic and ignorant"。How to explain the poor performance of bet365 promo codes-style democracies,“If you must find a correlation,Probably look at populist countries or countries led by populist leaders”,For example, Trump in the United States、Brazil’s Bolsonaro and Hungary’s Orban, etc.。Fukuyama also pointed out in an article in "Foreign Affairs",“There are many reasons why the United States has performed poorly during the epidemic,But the main reason is that the country’s leaders failed to fulfill their leadership responsibilities successfully”,In the long run,The epidemic “will promote the rebirth of liberal democratic systems”,Once again defeating the arguments that doubt the system,Shows the tremendous resilience and self-renewal capabilities of this system”。Attributing the failure of the system to Trump’s personal factors,And thinks that as long as "replacement",The crisis will be resolved soon,Almost became the only support for the self-justification of Fukuyama’s “end of history” myth。

  The destruction of the myth of bet365 promo codes liberalism

Cannot deny,Populist politics further deepens the anti-intellectualism and anti-elitism tendencies in bet365 promo codes society,Seriously affecting the role of professional institutions and personnel in epidemic prevention and control。As the concept of populism is increasingly abused and the bet365 promo codes error correction mechanism self-exculpates,The problem of "concept overload" is becoming more serious。Some time in the future,As the failure of bet365 promo codes governance worsens,The impulse to “pass the buck” to populism will become stronger。Once the institutional myth of the bet365 promo codes liberal model is shattered within bet365 promo codes society,Taking responsibility for the failure of the bet365 promo codes system may be an unbearable burden for populism。

According to the "refined falsificationism" theory of Lakatos, a philosopher of science and technology,A theoretical system consists of the core of the theory and the outer protective zone,Any theory can respond to various empirical doubts as counterexamples through the adjustment of protective bands。In the bet365 promo codes democratic theoretical system,The superiority of the bet365 promo codes system and its self-correction ability are the theoretical core of this ideological system,It is protected by a series of auxiliary hypotheses。And populism is essentially an important component of this protection mechanism,By “blaming” populism for various empirical doubts and criticisms about bet365 promo codes democratic theory,Thereby dissolving、Negate the dilemma of epidemic management as a counterexample to protect the core。But the obvious abuse of the concept of populism increasingly means the overload of this protective belt,Putting it down to populism is increasingly difficult to explain all doubts about bet365 promo codes democracy。In a sense,bet365 promo codes democratic systems and their theories have entered a stage of serious degradation;The periphery of populism will become increasingly difficult to protect the core,The myth of the powerful self-correction ability of bet365 promo codes systems will eventually be shattered。Judgment on the performance of Chinese and bet365 promo codes systems in response to the epidemic,It is seriously impacting and questioning the bet365 promo codes world’s view of democracy、Freedom、Monopoly definition of basic concepts in political science such as human rights。The successful practice of the socialist democratic political system with Chinese characteristics increasingly poses a challenge that bet365 promo codes democratic systems cannot ignore。The redefinition of concepts and the success of practice also require the systematization and completeness of the theoretical framework,Ultimately leading to the elimination and replacement of a human political and ideological paradigm。

  (This article is a phased result of the Youth Project of the National Social Science Fund "Research on the Rise, Evolution and Development Trend of bet365 promo codes Left-wing Populism after the Financial Crisis" (20CKS061)

(Author’s unit: Sociological and Cultural Studies Teaching and Research Department, Party School of Zhejiang Provincial Committee bet365 promo codes Communist Party of China)

Editor: Chen Jing
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