"Wealth" and "risk" have completely opposite meanings: wealth is a tool to satisfy bet365 ohio promo code's desires,It can improve social status、Acquired public power、Core resources with social prestige,It is a rare thing that bet365 ohio promo code dream of;Risk represents the possibility of some kind of negative harm,Unless it can bring huge relative benefits,Otherwise, it is something that bet365 ohio promo code try to avoid in most situations。However,Any society needs to distribute wealth and risks in a certain social structural sense。1880s,German sociologist Ulrich Beck discussed "the logic of wealth distribution and risk distribution" in the opening chapter of his classic book "Risk Society",Clearly stated that “risk has class attributes”,“Risk is as attached to class patterns as wealth,Just the other way around: wealth accumulates at the top,And risks accumulate at the bottom”。American society under the new coronavirus epidemic,Almost perfectly confirms Baker’s judgment: social wealth is accelerating the accumulation of wealth to the rich,However, various related risks centered on the health risks of contracting the virus have accumulated unprecedentedly among the poor at the bottom of society。This reverse distribution trend of wealth and risk has exacerbated the divisions in American society,Leading to the aggregation of various social conflicts and the concentrated release of destructive power。
The epidemic has exacerbated the trend of bet365 ohio promo code accumulation toward the rich
Behind the veil of the overall prosperity of the United States,What is concealed is the cold reality of serious polarization between rich and poor。May 2018,Philip Alston, the United Nations Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights, pointed out in his report on his visit to the United States,The United States has become the Western country with the most severe polarization between rich and poor。2019,U.S. Census Bureau survey shows,Income inequality in the United States is at its highest level in 50 years,2/3 of bet365 ohio promo code is owned by the richest 5%。
These data are already surprising。However,In this state of severe polarization between rich and poor,The epidemic that is coming like a tidal wave has intensified this "the rich get richer",The trend of poor bet365 ohio promo code getting poorer。For the poor,The U.S. economy is out of control due to the epidemic,Tens of millions of ordinary workers have lost their jobs,A large number of bet365 ohio promo code at the bottom of the United States are unemployed。After a large-scale lockdown,Fewer than half of African American adults still have jobs,Their poverty rate is that of white people2.5 times。For the rich,It’s a different picture,According to a report on Forbes website on December 11, 2020,During the 8 months of the epidemic,The collective net worth of America’s 614 billionaires increased by 1 billion。According to Bloomberg Wealth Network report,The 50 richest bet365 ohio promo code in the United States and the poorest 1.6.5 billion bet365 ohio promo code have equal wealth。
bet365 ohio promo code is increasingly concentrated in the hands of a few,Going beyond what many Americans consider morally acceptable。However,Faced with this situation,The U.S. government not only lacks the political will to eliminate these structural causes,On the contrary, policies and measures that make it worse,Continuously showing the essence of American money politics。As Alston pointedly commented,“The persistence of extreme poverty is a political choice made by those in power”。
The bet365 ohio promo code accelerates the accumulation of risks to the poor
The new coronavirus is an objective entity,It does not choose its target when infecting bet365 ohio promo code。In other words,Theoretically,bet365 ohio promo code are equal in the face of the epidemic,Not because of class、Race、Gender、Due to differences in skin color, etc.。But in practice,Due to different circumstances,bet365 ohio promo code’s vulnerabilities to risks vary greatly。The rich can choose a lifestyle away from the source of the virus,Or as Baker said,“Wealth can buy security and freedom from risk”,Even if unfortunately infected,Also enjoys the best medical conditions to reduce the possibility of serious injury。The poor are forced by life,Having to be exposed to risks,Become the actual bearer of various negative consequences under the risk of the epidemic。In this sense,“Risk is not democratic – in making victims,It does not believe that everyone is equal。Because some bet365 ohio promo code have fragile traits,They bear greater risks than others”。The vulnerability of the poor is especially reflected in housing、Food、Medical care and other aspects that ensure the most basic aspects of bet365 ohio promo code’s survival。
First,More and more poor bet365 ohio promo code lose their basic shelter security。Enjoying basic housing conditions is a basic human right,It is also a necessary condition to prevent infection。While the epidemic is spreading,More and more poor bet365 ohio promo code in the United States have lost their material shelter。Based on the annual homelessness assessment report submitted to the U.S. Congress,2019,About 56 in the United States.80,000 bet365 ohio promo code experienced homelessness,The pandemic has further worsened this already serious problem。Due to unemployment and the accompanying sharp drop in income,More than 30 million bet365 ohio promo code are at risk of not being able to renew their leases。According to the Los Angeles Times website,Due to the impact of the epidemic,The number of homeless bet365 ohio promo code increased by 45%。At the same time,Facilities used to assist the homeless,Requirements for social distancing due to the epidemic,And greatly reduces the possible capacity。On the one hand,There are more and more homeless bet365 ohio promo code;On the other hand,The capacity of society to provide help has been greatly reduced。This increase and decrease has caused a large number of poor bet365 ohio promo code to live on the streets,Greatly increases their risk of infection。
Second,Tens of millions of poor bet365 ohio promo code lack basic food security。Ensuring necessary nutrition is an indispensable prerequisite for maintaining human immunity,It is also a basic human right to ensure that bet365 ohio promo code have a minimum level of health。Before the epidemic,35 million bet365 ohio promo code in the United States rely on food bank assistance,After the epidemic,More Americans are suffering from hunger than ever before。Based on previous predictions from Feeding America,More than 50 million bet365 ohio promo code will be food insecure in 2020,This means 1/6 Americans、1/4 of American children will face the threat of hunger。If racial factors are also considered,African Americans are worse off,According to the Washington Post website,More than 20% of African-American families often do not have enough food。According to the report of The Guardian,National demand for food assistance in the United States is 60% higher than before the epidemic。On Thanksgiving Day 2020,Millions of Americans rely on charity to avoid starvation。Conceivable,When bet365 ohio promo code can’t even solve basic food and clothing problems,Avoiding other risks can only be done out of willpower。
Third,Medical security has become a luxury that is beyond the reach of many poor bet365 ohio promo code。The epidemic has increased bet365 ohio promo code’s medical burden,Dependence on medical insurance has increased significantly。But the contradiction is,The number of bet365 ohio promo code able to enjoy medical insurance during the epidemic has shown a sharp decline,This is because medical insurance is closely related to employment status。According to the Washington Post report on May 9, 2020,20.5 million bet365 ohio promo code suddenly lost their jobs,Erased 10 years of job creation in one month,The speed and scale of the unemployment wave are extraordinary,Nearly double the number during the 2007-2009 financial crisis。According to the New York Times website,Between February and May 2020,5.4 million workers alone lost their medical insurance,If family members of the policyholder are included,27 million Americans have lost their health insurance due to the epidemic。In Texas,3 out of 10 bet365 ohio promo code are uninsured。These uninsured bet365 ohio promo code tend to have lower incomes、Less educated,And more likely to live in a polluted environment。Facing the new coronavirus epidemic,They are more dangerous,Even more helpless,Becoming the most vulnerable group in a risk state。
Of course,The vulnerability of the poor is manifested in far more than the above three aspects,Also includes education、Work、Social assistance and many other aspects,But all manifestations point to one result,That is the bet365 ohio promo code who are at the bottom of society themselves under the impact of the epidemic,More vulnerable,Even more helpless。The epidemic has become another powerful force reinforcing class divisions in the United States。
The reverse distribution of bet365 ohio promo code and risk leads to serious social conflicts
The reverse distribution of bet365 ohio promo code and risk has objectively exacerbated the already existing huge gap between the poor and the rich,And the existence and expansion of this gap are carried out quietly and in compliance with laws and regulations。As summarized by Norwegian scholar Galtung,The power of polarization between rich and poor is a relatively typical "structural violence",It is hidden in politics、Economy、In Society and Culture,Represented by various existing systems and mechanisms,The result is the systematic denial and violation of the rights of vulnerable groups。However,This is all done legally,It seems like it’s all personal free choice,Cannot see "direct violence"。
But the long-term operation and constant rigidity of this structure,It will inevitably lead to the accumulation of social grievances at the bottom of society。Why is the wealth of this society only enjoyed by a small group of bet365 ohio promo code,And misfortunes are unstoppable to those who are extremely vulnerable?When bet365 ohio promo code still cannot make the slightest change in their destiny after struggling hard,Social resentment begins to accumulate and spread to each other。When accumulated to a certain extent,The public will gradually form two opposing camps,Form a clear dividing line,Society is in a state of torn,The emotions of the bet365 ohio promo code at the bottom will be like a boiling cauldron,The accumulating anger、Resentment、Panic、The uneasy emotions are looking for a breakthrough to vent。Once some event that activates the boundary occurs,Anger is ready to ignite,Eventually an overwhelming violent conflict。If fundamental adjustments are not made to the reverse distribution of wealth and risk,The turbulent situation in American society will not be fundamentally improved。
(This article is part of the National Social Science Fund’s general project “Broadening and Standardizing the Expression of bet365 ohio promo code’s Appeals、Research on Internet Channels for Interest Coordination and Dispute Resolution” (20BZZ019) Phased Results)
(Author’s unit: bet365 ohio promo code Research Center of Nankai University (National bet365 ohio promo code Education and Training Base))
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