"Research on the Historical Phonological Levels of the Formation bet365 bonus code pa" is essentially a study of the origin and historical evolution bet365 bonus code pa。The late Mr. Hu Mingyang, a famous Beijing dialect research expert, in "A Preliminary Study bet365 bonus code pa"，When discussing the origin bet365 bonus code pa, he commented: "This is an interesting but difficult subject。”Therefore，We should vigorously carry out historical research on the formation bet365 bonus code pa。

　　The complexity of the formation bet365 bonus code pa

Nearly a hundred years，Many well-known linguists at home and abroad have devoted themselves to research on the historical phonological levels of the formation bet365 bonus code pa，But the situation is complicated，Different opinions，No conclusion yet。

Judging from the formation time，Some people advocated it in various periods from the pre-Qin Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty。According to statistics，There are seven theories: Pre-Qin formation theory (Zhu Xing)；Theory bet365 bonus code pa Formation bet365 bonus code pa Tang Dynasty (Feng Zheng、Ding Zhimin)；Theory bet365 bonus code pa formation bet365 bonus code pa Song Dynasty (Yahontov)；The formation theory of Liao and Jin Dynasties (Shen Zhongwei、Kangdan、Jin Shou Shen, etc.)；Theory bet365 bonus code pa formation bet365 bonus code pa Yuan Dynasty (Wang Li、Lin Tao、Ning Jifu、Tang Zuofan)；The theory of formation in the Ming Dynasty (Aixinjueluo Yingsheng、一民）；Theory bet365 bonus code pa formation bet365 bonus code pa Qing Dynasty (Ota Tatsuo、Yu Chong、Zheng Renjia)。

From the perspective of formation mechanism，There are three main types。First, the theory of homogeneity。Refers to the Chinese dialect spoken by residents in the Beijing area from ancient times to the present and passed down from generation to generation，Basically not affected by foreign rule in history，Not affected by the dialects of foreign immigrants，It is the result of the natural evolution of the Chinese dialect spoken by residents in the Beijing area in history。Of course, the views of scholars of this school are not entirely consistent，This is because the origin and starting point of the formation bet365 bonus code pa confirmed by various schools is not unified。The current view held by most scholars is that，Beijing dialect and today’s Beijing dialect are the direct descendants of Dadu dialect in the Yuan Dynasty。The second is the theory of external influence。Refers to history, especially since Shi Jingtang ceded the "Sixteen Youyun Prefectures" to Khitan in 936，Beijing dialect spoken by the original indigenous Han residents in the Beijing area，With the northern foreigners (Khitan who spoke the Altaic language as the ruling class at that time、Jurchen、Mongolia and Manchu)，A mixture bet365 bonus code pa learned during the rule of Beijing，The so-called "Han language"。It is roughly equivalent to what the current second language acquisition theory calls "interlanguage"，That is, non-standard Chinese Beijing dialect。For the formation mechanism of this language，Mr. Shen Zhongwei, a famous American linguist, calls this the "horizontal transmission theory"。The third is the theory of heterogeneity。Referring to the original Beijing dialect and today’s Beijing dialect are essentially different，There is no direct inheritance relationship between ancient and modern times。yuan、Ming、The people who lived in Beijing during the Qing Dynasty came from different sources，None of them are natives of Beijing，The Beijing dialect spoken is completely different，are three completely different Chinese dialects，Today’s Beijing dialect is not a direct descendant of Yuan Dadu dialect。Mr. Yu Min clearly wrote an article "Modern Beijingers cannot be said to be descendants of the Yuan Dadu people"。Mr. Zheng Zhang Shangfang believes that although today’s Beijing dialect is dominated by Xinlai Banner dialect，Outer City、There are still many old residents outside the city，It also has an influence on the formation，So it is necessary to conduct historical level analysis，Identify the remains of different historical eras，View portion size。He also pointed out，Beijing dialect even contains ancient pronunciation levels。

From a historical linguistics perspective，There are roughly two theoretical models: one is the pedigree tree theory，Ready-to-use evolution、Level、Bulldozing to explain these phenomena；The second is the non-genealogical tree theory，For example, Mr. Shen Zhongwei’s “horizontal transmission theory”。These two theoretical models have their own merits in the study of the historical level bet365 bonus code pa，As ​​for them and the "interlanguage" theory、Language contact theory、What is the relationship between the "Han language" theory，To be further discussed。

Among the various theories about the origin bet365 bonus code pa，After careful examination of relevant historical materials，We think，The theory that Beijing dialect was formed in the Liao and Jin Dynasties is the most credible，But the existing evidence is still insufficient，Mainly due to the failure to make full use of Chinese materials recorded in ethnic minority texts that reflect the pronunciation bet365 bonus code pa during this period，Such as Khitan-Han antiphonal data、Jurchen-Chinese antiphonal materials、Basiba characters—Chinese phonetic information, etc.。This information is very rich，The times are clear，The current main theory of the formation bet365 bonus code pa (that is, the theory that Yuan Dadu dialect is the source bet365 bonus code pa) can be advanced 400 years。

　　Problems to be solved in research on the formation bet365 bonus code pa

The main problems that need to be solved in the study of the formation bet365 bonus code pa are as follows: First, determine the essential phonological characteristics bet365 bonus code pa。That is, what kind of phonological characteristics can be identified as the source of the formation of today’s Beijing dialect；This phonological feature should include a phonological initial consonant、finals、Three aspects of tone，It is an indispensable overall feature。We have initially determined 10 sound change characteristics as standards for identifying the speech formation bet365 bonus code pa。The second is the era of exploring the origin bet365 bonus code pa，In principle, all Beijing dialect materials or corpora closely related to Beijing dialect that can be found so far must be screened one by one，It is especially important to conduct a comprehensive and careful investigation of the earliest Beijing dialect materials，The era to determine the starting point bet365 bonus code pa。The third is to study the Beijing dialect system in various periods from the Liao to the Qing Dynasty，On this basis, we will conduct a study on the diachronic evolution of continuity，Establishing a scientific phonetic history bet365 bonus code pa。The fourth is to examine the Beijing dialect system in various periods and its relationship with the dialects of Beijing’s immigration history，Confirm which components of today’s Beijing dialect were formed by language contact。

From historical linguistics、Comprehensive consideration of three aspects: Chinese phonology and Beijing history, especially Beijing immigration history，The research focuses on the following five points: First, confirm the standards that reflect the essential characteristics bet365 bonus code pa，Should be the voice standard，Instead of vocabulary and grammar standards。The second is to pay attention to the audio data left by the relevant historical background of Beijing under the rule of other ethnic groups。From the time when Jin Gaozu Shi Jingtang ceded Beijing to Khitan as one of the "Sixteen Youyun Prefectures" after 936 to the Qing Dynasty，Khitan、Jurchen、Mongolia、Manchu, etc.，The influence of these historical backgrounds and the ruling classes of various generations who spoke Altaic languages ​​on the Chinese language in Beijing at that time cannot be ignored，The fact that languages ​​influence each other should be one of the most important reasons for the formation bet365 bonus code pa。The third is to pay attention to the multiple immigration situations in Beijing in history，Especially the several large-scale immigrants in the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties，It is most likely the most important factor leading to the dramatic changes and complexity bet365 bonus code pa pronunciation。The fourth is to pay attention to the use bet365 bonus code pa voice records recorded by outsiders during the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties。Beijing dialect has been used by foreign businessmen many times、Traveler、Historical information recorded by missionaries in their own language。In terms of phonetics, there are Korean-Chinese transliteration data、Western Language—Chinese Pinyin Information，These materials reflect the phonology of the Beijing dialect at that time to varying degrees。The fifth is to attach great importance to the use of Chinese local phonological materials。The transliteration data of many foreign characters and Chinese are relatively scattered，Not very systematic，Therefore, more attention should be paid to the use of many local Chinese materials after the Yuan Dynasty that reflect the pronunciation of the Beijing dialect at that time。

　　Methodology for research on the formation bet365 bonus code pa

The historical phonological issues of the formation bet365 bonus code pa are extremely complex，A variety of methods should be used together，Research strategies have different focuses depending on the properties of specific materials。The specific research methods used in the author’s research、The characteristics of research methods include the following。

The first is to build a phonological database，Compiling a reference book for bet365 bonus code pa research。Establish two major phonological databases that reflect the pronunciation of Beijing dialects in various eras from Liao to Qing Dynasties。Non-Chinese and Chinese transliteration database: including Khitan-Chinese transliteration database；Juror-Chinese Dialogue Database；Basi Bahan voice database；Persian-Chinese phonetic database；Mongolian-Chinese phonetic database；Korean-Chinese phonetic database；Manchu-Chinese transliteration database；Spanish Chinese speech corpus。The Chinese rhyme book database of the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties mainly includes "Zhongyuan Phonology", "Zhongzhou Yuefu Phonology Classification", "Combined Phonology Chapter Rhyme", "Harmony Rhyme", "Li's Phonetic Mirror", "Phonology Feng Yuan", "Yuan Yin Zheng" Examination》etc。In addition，Plan to compile the most comprehensive and detailed "bet365 bonus code pa Research Literature Catalog" to date。

The second is the combination of synchronic research and diachronic research。Synchronic dating research can be divided into six phonetic planes: phonological research on corpus materials in Beijing before the Liao Dynasty；Research on the phonology bet365 bonus code pa in Liao Dynasty；Research on the phonology bet365 bonus code pa in Jin Dynasty；Research on the phonology bet365 bonus code pa in the Yuan Dynasty；Research on the phonology bet365 bonus code pa in the Ming Dynasty；Research on the phonology bet365 bonus code pa in Qing Dynasty。Then the phonetic reconstruction results of these six planes, especially the last five planes, are run through the unified 10-15 historical phonetic change standards，And contact the phonology of modern Beijing dialect，Do a comprehensive diachronic study。Establishing a scientific phonetic history bet365 bonus code pa，And try to find out the specific factors and characteristics of the influence of immigrant dialects on the phonology of local residents’ dialects in Beijing，Confirm the dialect basis of each relevant feature and the level of mixing。

The third is data processing and theoretical basis。Combining the phonetic data of non-Chinese and Chinese languages ​​with the native Chinese phonetic data reflecting the Beijing dialects of various eras，Cannot be limited to using local data for research。Absorb and apply cutting-edge linguistic theories to process relevant corpus。In addition to using traditional Chinese historical phonology theory and dialectology theory and methods，We should also pay attention to the application of other cutting-edge linguistic theories at home and abroad，For example: Hierarchy theory of historical linguistics、Horizontal transfer theory、Historical sociolinguistic theory, etc.。Especially historical sociolinguistic research，That is, combining the phonological study bet365 bonus code pa history with the study of Beijing immigration history，Find out the many possible causes of the complex formation bet365 bonus code pa。Comprehensively grasp the national integration formed by Beijing dialect to the greatest extent、Time and space transformation and humanistic background。

The reasons for the formation bet365 bonus code pa history are complex and diverse，Therefore, researchers’ research perspectives and approaches must also be diversified。Only by exhaustively and comprehensively studying all the phonological data of each period，In order to complete this arduous task，Draw scientific and credible conclusions。

　　(The author is the chief expert of the National Social Science Foundation’s major project “Research on the Historical Phonological Levels of the Formation bet365 bonus code pa”、Professor of Capital Normal University)