"Research on History and Rhymes formed by Beijing Dialects" is essentially the origin of Beijing dialect and the study of its historical evolution。The late famous Beijing dialect research expert Hu Mingyang in "Beijing dialect"，Discussion on the source of Beijing dialects commented: "This is a topic with interest but very difficult。"So，Study of historical levels formed by Beijing dialect should be vigorously carried out。

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For the past century，Many well -known linguists at home and abroad have invested in the historical rhyme level research formed by Beijing dialect，But the situation is complicated，Different opinions，No conclusion is it so far。

Look at the time of formation，From the Qin to the Qing Dynasty, people have advocated。According to statistics，There are seven types of sayings: the said theory (Zhu Xing) in the pre -Qin Dynasty;、Ding Zhimin); the theory of formation (Yamhongtov) in the Song Dynasty;、Kangdan、Kim Shengshen, etc.);、Lin Yan、Ning Jifu、Tang Zuo Fan);、Monday Min); The theory of formation of the Qing Dynasty (Ota Chenfu、Yu Chong、Zheng Renjia)。

From the perspective of the formation mechanism，There are three main types。One is homogeneous theory。Refers to the Chinese dialect from the Chinese database from ancient times to the present in Beijing.，Basically not affected by the alien rule in history，It is not affected by foreign immigration dialects，The result of the natural evolution of Chinese dialects in the residents of Beijing regions in history。Of course, the views of this group of scholars are not completely consistent，This is because the starting point of the Beijing dialect formed by each family Bet365 lotto review is not uniform。At present, most scholars hold the point of view，Beijing dialect today Beijing dialect is a direct descendant of the Dadu dialect in the Yuan Dynasty。The second is the saying of foreign influence。Refers to history, especially in history, especially Shi Jingyi cut "You Yun Sixteen State" to Khitan，Beijing dialect that the original indigenous Han residents in Beijing，The northern foreigner who speaks of the Altay language as a ruling class at the time (Khitan、Women's True、Mongolia and Manchu)，Mixed Beijing dialect learned during the rule of Beijing，The so -called "Haner Word"。It is roughly equivalent to the "intermediary" that the theory of the two language acquisition theory，Non -standard Chinese Beijing dialect。The formation mechanism of this language，The famous American linguist Mr. Shen Zhongwei called it "horizontal transmission theory"。Three is heterogeneous theory。Refers to the source of Beijing dialects from today's Beijing dialect is not the same，There is no direct inheritance relationship between ancient and modern。yuan、Ming、The source of Beijing residents of the Qing Dynasty is different，Not Beijing Aboriginals，The Beijing dialect mentioned in Beijing is also completely different，It is three completely different Chinese dialects，Today's Beijing dialect is not a direct descendant of Yuan Dadu。Mr. Yu Min made clear writing "Modern Beijingers cannot be said to be the descendants of the Yuan Dadu"。Mr. Zheng Zhang Shangfang thinks that although the Beijing dialect is based on the new flag of people，outer city、There are still many old residents outside the city，It also has an impact on formation，So you need to analyze historical levels，Recognize the relics of different historical eras，View weight。He also pointed out，Beijing dialect even contains an ancient sound level。

From the perspective of historical linguistics，It is roughly two theoretical models: one is the theory bet365 best casino games of spectrum tree，Using evolution、layer、Posted to explain these phenomena; the second is the theory of non -spectrum tree，If Mr. Shen Zhongwei ’s“ Horizontal Passing Introduction ”。These two theoretical models have their own strengths in the historical level of Beijing dialect，As for their "intermediary" theory、Language contact theory、What is the relationship between the doctrine of "Haner's Words"，To further explore。

Among the sayings of the source of Beijing dialect，Careful inspection of relevant historical materials，We think，Beijing dialect was formed in the Liaoning and Jin dynasties.，But the existing arguments are still insufficient，Mainly the Chinese materials recorded by ethnic minority text recorded in Beijing during this period，Rukan — Han to the sound information、Women's True —— Han Sound Information、Basba character —— Han dungeon information, etc.。These materials are very rich，Time Clear，The main theory of the existing Beijing dialect (that is, the Yuan Dadu is the source of the Beijing dialect) 400 years in advance。

　　Beijing dialect formation of research to solve the problem

The main problems that need to be solved in Beijing dialect formation research are as follows: First, to determine the essential sound characteristics of the Beijing dialect and phonetic system。What kind of sound rhyme characteristics can be determined to be the source of the formation of today's Beijing dialect; this phonetic characteristics should include the sound mother of a phonomic、Master、Sound three aspects，It is an indispensable overall feature。We initially determined that 10 sound changes are preliminary as the standard for identifying the formation of Beijing's words and voice。The second is the era of exploring the source of Beijing dialect，In principle, to identify all the Beijing discourse or closely related corpus that can be found so far，Especially important thing is to make a comprehensive and serious inspection bet365 best casino games of the earliest Beijing discourse.，to determine the starting point of Beijing dialect。Third is the Beijing dialect and sound system from Liao to the Qing Dynasty in installments，Based on this, do the duration of duration of duration，Establish a scientific Beijing discourse history。Fourth, to examine the relationship between Beijing dialect and phonetic systems and its history dialects with Beijing immigration history，It is confirmed that the components of today's Beijing dialect system are formed by language contact。

From historical linguistics、Comprehensive consideration of Chinese sound rhyme and Beijing history, especially Beijing immigration history，Research focuses on the following five points: First, to confirm the standards reflecting the essential characteristics of Beijing dialect，It should be voice standard，instead of vocabulary and grammar standards。The second is the voice information left by the relevant historical background of Beijing under the governance of other ethnic groups in history。From 936, Jin Gaozu Shi Jingyu cut Beijing as one of the "You Yun Sixteen State" to the Khitan period from the Qing Dynasty，Khitan、Women's True、Mongolia、Manchu, etc.，These historical backgrounds and the ruling class of various generations of the language of Altaic language on the Chinese influence on Beijing at that time cannot be ignored，The fact that this language affects each other should be one of the most important reasons for the formation of Beijing dialect。Third, attach importance to multiple immigrants in Beijing，Especially several large -scale immigrants from the three generations of the Ming and Qing Dynasties，It is most likely the most important factor that leads to great changes and complexification in Beijing dialect。Fourth is to pay attention to the use of Beijing discourse and voice records recorded by outsiders during the Yuan and Qing Dynasties。Beijing dialect has been being foreign businessmen bet365 Play online games many times、Traveler、Historical data recorded by the lobby of the language of the clan。In terms of voice, there are North Korea -Chinese transliteration information、Western Language -Chinese Pinyin Information，These materials reflect the situation of Beijing dialect at that time to varying degrees。Five is to pay attention to the use of Chinese local sound rhyme information。Many foreign characters and Chinese are relatively scattered，Systemic is not strong，Therefore, we should pay more attention to the use of many Chinese local information that reflects the voice of Beijing dialect at that time in the Yuan Dynasty。

　　Beijing dialect formation methodology

The historical rhyme issues formed by Beijing dialect are complicated，Multiple methods should be adopted and，Research strategies that are focused on because of different nature of the material。The specific research method adopted by the author's research、The characteristics of the research methods are the following aspects。

First is to build a rhyme database，Edited Beijing Dialect Research Tools Book。Establish two major rhyme databases that reflect the voice of Beijing dialect from Liaoning to Qing。Non -Chinese and Chinese -language transliteration database: contain the Khitan Han database database; female real Han database database; Baziba Chinese sound database; Persian -Han database database; Mongolian Han database database; Korean Han database database; Manhan's pronunciation database; Western Chinese voice language library。Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties Chinese Rhyme Book Database mainly includes "Zhongyuan Yinyun", "Zhongzhou Lefu Yinyun Class", "Combat Character Rhymes", "Harmony Sound Rhymes", "Li's Yin Jian", "Yinyun Feng Yuan Yuan", "Yuanyin Zheng Zhengzheng" Exam "and so on。other，Plan to compile a "Beijing Dialect Research Document Catalog" that has so far。

Second, the combination of time -time research and duration research。Common Research Research can be divided into six voice plane: the study of corpus rhymes in Beijing bet365 Play online games before the Liao Dynasty; study of Beijing dialect dialect rhymes in the Liao Dynasty; research of Beijing dialect dialect rhymes; study of Beijing dialect rhymes in the Yuan Dynasty; Beijing dialect in the Ming Dynasty Yin Yun Study;。Then use the voice reconstruction results of these six planes, especially the latter five planes, use the unified 10-15 historical sound change standards，contact Modern Beijing dialect rhyme，Do a comprehensive duration research。Establish a scientific Beijing discourse history，and try to find out the specific factors and features of immigration dialects on the influence of the dialect rhyme in Beijing's local residents，Confirm the dialect basis of the relevant characteristics and the hierarchy of the mixed。

Third, the data processing and theoretical basis。Combining non -Chinese and Chinese -language data with Chinese local Chinese phonetic rhyme materials reflecting Beijing dialects in various times，Not limited to the use of local information for research。Absorbing and using cutting -edge linguistics theory to handle related corpus。In addition to using traditional Chinese historical phonology theory and dialect theory and method，It should also pay attention to the use of other cutting -edge linguistics theories at home and abroad，For example: the hierarchical theory of historical linguistics、horizontal transmission theory、History and Social Linguistics Theory, etc.。Especially historical and social linguistics research，Insufficient research with the study of the history of Beijing dialect with Beijing immigration history，Find a variety of possibilities that cause the formation of Beijing dialect for complexity。Maximum and comprehensively grasp the ethnic fusion formed by Beijing dialects、Time and space transformation and human background。

The reasons for the formation of the history of Beijing dialect are complicated and diverse，Therefore, the research perspective and path of the researcher must also be diversified。bet365 Play online games Only all the sound materials of each period have been fully systematically studied and systematically studied，can you complete this difficult task，Drop the scientific and credible conclusion。

　　(The author is the chief expert of the "History Rhymes formed by Beijing Dialects formed by the National Social Science Foundation" chief expert、Professor of Capital Normal University)