With the continuous development of science and technology，The confidence of human knowledge and transformation of nature has been further improved。Current，Humans are trying to overcome a problem: the mystery of human cognition。So，Where does human cognition start，Where is the end? This brings questions about cognitive boundaries，Scholars have launched warm arguments about this。Total view，Answers on this question can be classified as two categories: cognitive is limited to the brain and body; cognition is not only within the brain and body，It also includes the environment of cognitive activities。In recent years，These two factions have developed the theory of cognitive level theory and the theory of extension cognitive，These two theories have begun to appear a certain theoretical accessibility。

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Traditional opinion thinks，Cognition is limited to the biological boundary of the individual brain，This view is still supported by a lot of people。Except for common sense, it is difficult to refute，At the cultural level, it is also related to the dignity of a kind of "human be human"。2080s，The development of cognitive science has occurred major steering，Body cognition has expanded human cognition from the brain to the body，Cognition is no longer limited to the skull。Each part of the body is exerting its own functions，It also plays a regulatory effect on cognition。This is a bet365 best casino games major change。With the rapid development of computers and the Internet，Especially the deep fusion of smart terminals and human life，Big impacting the classic viewpoint of intracranial cognition。So，Supporters of this school began to try to build a better inclusive theory，Copy the impact of technology on traditional intracranial cognition，The theory of cognitive level is born in this context。

Cognitive hierarchical theory thinks，Language、Thinking and culture is a high -level cognition of human beings。Professor Cai Shushan from Tsinghua University based on the cognitive process in people's minds，Divide human cognition into five levels: cognition of nerve levels、Psychological level cognition、Cognition of language level、Cognition of thinking level、Cognition of cultural level。Where，Nervous level and psychological level cognition is common to humans and animals，Studies on these levels of cognition produce neuroscience and psychology, respectively; language level、Mind level and cultural level cognition is human exclusive，The study of these levels of cognition produces linguistics、Philosophy、Disciplines such as computer science and anthropology。

Very obvious，Cognitive level theory clearly acknowledge that the brain is a carrier of cognition，and external technology or cultural products give this positioning: Human cognition is based on language，High -level cognition characterized by thinking and culture。Culture is considered to be a synthesis of all objects created by humans，Including material existence、Social existence and spiritual Bet365 lotto review existence，Of course also includes technical products。but，Cultural cognition is not equal to culture，Cultural level cognition is the brand of culture in the brain。and，"Culture" (including technical products) is just "influence" cognition，The impact of culture on cognition has led to the emergence of cultural cognition。

The theory of cognitive hierarchy first illustrates the cognitive process and structure in people's minds for the first time，At the same time, the cognitive process is clearly explained、The relationship between scientific objects and discipline development，It is an excellent contribution made by Chinese scholars to international cognitive sciences in recent years。but，It still positions the role of external environment in human cognition as "influencing factor" rather than "constituent element"。

　　Extension cognitive theory

Cognition is limited to individual cognitiveist positions in the biological boundary of the brain，In the middle of the 20th century，The physical body of the mind is challenged by the context。philosopher Hilary Whitehall Putnam proposed extraordinary theory，I think meaning does not exist in the mind，but the product of society and the environment。Distributed cognition generated inside cognitive science、Cognitive power system theory and extension cognitive theory，All criticized individual cognitiveism。distributed cognition thinking，Cognition is the processing process of internal and external representation information，distributed in cognitive subject、Object、Cognitive tools、Environment、Culture bet365 best casino games and society, etc.。Cognitive system dynamic theory thinks，Cognition is the overall cognitive system composed of body -brain nervous system and environment，It happened in the brain、The complex power interaction of the body and the environment。Extension cognitive theory even mentioned the mental situation to the position of the mind。

Extension cognitive theory thinks，The technology created by human beings can extend the cognition to the external environment。Philosopher Andy Clark and David Chalmers think，Cognition is not limited to the brain and body，It also includes some elements of the external cognitive environment。Objects of the external environment can be regarded as an extension of the mind itself，It can even become the constituent element of the mind。

One of the important reasons for human creation technology，It is to make life more convenient。For example，Human invention text and paper，It is to pass the generation of civilization generations; humans invented telescope，It is to see more and more clearly; human invention computers，It is for more convenient office; humans create the Internet，is for more timely、Communicate with people around the world quickly;。In these activities，Technology first as a medium to cognitive world。The limitations of human brain and even physical cognition，Promote people to extend the cognition to the external environment with the help of technology，Gradually rising from the influencing elements of cognition to the constituent element。

So，Are all technologies extending cognitive technology? the answer is negative。The so -called cognitive，Refers to the process of human processing information，Bet365 app download This job is mainly borne by the brain。If technology is defined as the projection of human organs，Extension cognitive technology only includes technology or artificial products that imitate the function of the brain。Word language invented by humans，It can be said that it is the earliest extension cognitive technology，Paper is also this kind of technology product。Krack and Charmeos proposed in the III Ido -Alto Ipo Thought Experiment，Also extended cognitive technology (accurately speaking as a technical product)。Current，With the help of the Internet and big data technology，Artificial Intelligence on Human Selection、Perception、Thinking、Language and other cognitive ability simulation levels quickly increase，It is the most typical extension cognitive technology of contemporary contemporary。

　　Blend of two theories

The development of the views of the two factions from the cognitive border can be found that both recognize the individuality and sociality of cognition，All show a highly cognitive position。In essence，The people's cognition is the same as the person itself，Existing individuality，Socialist。The argument of the cognitive boundary shows that the individuality and social nature of the people reveal the complementary and conflict when revealing the relationship between people and environment。

Educator James W. Pellegrino believes，Intelligent refers to the individual respond to different quality and value to the same situation due to different cultural judgments，The result of the interaction of cultural and cognitive processes。Artificial intelligence bet365 best casino games even can simulate some human cognitive ability，But the special cultural characteristics of human beings cannot be imitated。Extension cognition thinking，The environment can also be used as a element of cognitive，Culture as part of the environment is also the element of cognition，This is consistent with the cognitive level theory proposed by Cai Shushan。Cai Shushan thinks，Language distinguishes high -level cognition and low -level cognition，distinguish between human cognition and animal cognition; in human cognition，Language cognition is the basis，Language Decision Thinking，Language and thinking also determine culture together。Visible，The level theory of cognitive directly includes the cognition of culture in the core content of cognition。

In essence，Both recognize，The importance of culture to human cognition。Extension cognition not only takes culture as an external environment for mental activity，Culture also regards culture as human cognition and mental extension; cognitive level theory believes that human unique high -level cognition includes cultural level cognition，This is part of other animals or artificial intelligence that cannot be imitated，It is the fundamental attribute of "human be human"。Previous individual cognitiveism is limited to cognition of nerves and psychology (at most including language and thinking)，The theory of cognitive levels incorporates culture into the field of cognition，Show an unprecedented social position。Comparison of comparison，Cognitive level theory is cognitive culture of the brain from the inside to the outside Bet365 lotto review world，Extension cognitive theory is a cultural extension cognitive from the inside to the outside world，But the two are theoretically accessible。

(Author Unit: Institute of Philosophy of the Institute of Philosophy of Hunan Academy of Social Sciences)