In a very long stage，Technical neutralism is widely accepted。but，Technology is not a simple tool or knowledge method，but has more complicated attributes。For example，Technical philosopher Carl Mitcham summarizes to，Technology has four attributes: technology as an object (artificial material); technology as knowledge; as an activity (production、Invention、Use) technology; technology as a will。These four attributes intertwined osmosis，Formed the technology itself。Technical Philosophy Technical Decision Theory and Social Construction Theory.，All emphasize the relationship between technology and society。Soning interaction of social factors and technical factors，Make technology embedded value。

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The Book of Technical Philosophy ", a German philosopher Ernst Kapp，It is considered to create a discipline of technical philosophy。Karp proposed in the 19th century，Technology is not just a tool，Technology is the projection of human organs，It is an extension and enhancement of the human organ form and function。Technology can be regarded as a culture with values ​​as the core，Tools and machines are just a sign of this culture。

Heidegger summarizes the concept of traditional technology as: 1. Technology is a tool for the purpose; 2. Technology is human behavior。What he said is added with the purpose of the tool，It is valuable in embedded。and Heidegger's own technology is the attribute of "use"，​​Emphasizing the "how to use" the "how" nature of "use" to deal with what is caused by what is caused by the cause。This "how to use" settings，It is also the presentation of embedded purpose and value。

bet365 live casino games Marx thinks，Technology is the primary position in social progress and civilization development，is the basis and premise of realizing social management，It is a social ideology (religion、Philosophy、morality, etc.) foundation。Management is a activity that promotes others to achieve the established goals with themselves，This purpose of technology，That is, the embedded value。

The point of view of Malkase is more direct，It is believed that the application of technology has never been valuable for neutral。Technology itself contains special purposes and interests，Will carry value。and simply pursue social wealth growth and technological progress，It will lead to one -way society of "technical slavery"。

　New theory in the background of the new technical background

Follow the high -tech affecting high -tech，In recent years, it has formed a point of view of technical moralism and technical relativeism in the European and American academic circles。

Technical moralism believes，No technology is the neutrality of ethical and moral value，Technology will always prefer or accommodate the concept of a specific beautiful life at the cost of sacrificing others。If you do not conduct moral evaluation of technology in a clear and reflected manner，It is in the risk of governing technology and disappointment。So，Discuss the built -in value in the technology，enable it to reflect the interests of all parties, especially the public。

Technical relativistism focuses on discussing if ethical and morality is built -in，So which moral value should be built? What are the reasons for these moral values?，"First，We shape the house，Then our house begins to shape us "，It is believed that expressing and embedded values ​​and moral considerations in technology，Actions that can shape and affect the future of users。Pre -ethics and morality in technology，The technology itself in the real world Bet365 app download will、Policy、Economic and other impacts。

　　Practice of technical embedded value

Technical embedded value has carried out a series of practices in Europe and the United States，Representative is "Responsible Research Innovation，RRI) "Value Sensitive Design"。Direct origin of the concept of "Responsible Innovation"，Destroof back to the EU and the United States in early 2000。The goal pursued by this concept is，Research and innovation must effectively reflect social needs and social wishes，Reflecting social value and responsibility。After that，"Responsible Innovation" was written into the EU scientific research and innovation framework plan "Horizon 2020" (Horizon 2020)。

"Value Sensitive Design" is a new technical design and development concept centered on social and moral values，I hope that ethical value is built -in in advance through technology，Realize "Responsible Innovation"。The ethical and moral value built -in technology includes: providing well -being、Justice、Equality、Privacy、Autonomous、Security、Guarantee、sustainability、accountability system、Democratic、Efficiency and other content。Implementation method is to formulate responsibility goals through direct or indirectly，A sense of responsibility for participants，The responsibility it bear can be held accountable。Value sensitive design hopes to invite participants、Integration、Stimulation、Enhancement、Promotion、Method or motivation to realize the social responsibility of technology。

It is worth noting is，The technical embedded value practice represented by the EU "Responsible Innovation"，I hope to take into account social wealth interests and ethical values，and call it "grab the two horns of the cow at the same time"。EU's "Ethics" (Ethics) in the six key grasps of the EU，Hope to establish basic rights and moral standards for scientific research bet365 Play online games and technology research and development based on the concept of common value of European society。Social correlation and acceptability of research and innovation results through moral norms，Make moral specifications a guarantee for the output of high -quality results，Not considered the constraints of research and innovation。

but，At present, the EU "Value Sensitive Design" for technology in advance for technology "，It is not smooth in practical operation。For example，Even in the European Union，Also due to the lack of unified European values，There is a lot of controversy in the understanding of technical ethical value，Specifically facing the following three major difficulties。

The first difficulty，Is a moral overload problem with built -in ethics。"Moral Overload" refers to the moral overload that is morally assumed to assume conflicting obligations or contradictory values。For some ethical value，For example, security and privacy、Economic growth and sustainability、Security and guarantee, etc.，People have a certain consensus。but，Ethics of different people has complexity，Among them, there are often contradictory moral obligations and values。Built -in ethical value in technological innovation，Which ethical values ​​need to be "built"? What are the reasons for these ethical values ​​of technical ethics?，Plan to install a smart meter for the family，To understand the specific situation of home use of family electricity。but，Energy -saving and emission reduction value Harmony value Claims with the values ​​of personal privacy，Make such technical attempts to be widely resisted and failed。

Second difficulty，How to review and judge the built -in ethical value。For the consideration of interests，Some values ​​will be confused or hidden into the design or product，often excessively reflect the interests of designers or clients。Bet365 lotto review This hidden built -in value will significantly affect the life of people and the entire society and even future development。If ethical and moral value is given to technology，and space to shape human action，So you need to screen the ethical and moral value carried in the product。

Current，The main means of reviewing and judging the built -in value of technology in the EU's "Responsible Innovation" practice are the introduction of "public participation"。The public's review of the built -in value in the technology，By receiving hotline calls, etc.，Movement of timely feedback on the masses，Research and developer shall be handled in time after screening。Its purpose is to make researchers、Policy maker、Industry and private social organizations、Multiple conversations among non -governmental organizations。Stimulate social supervision abilities through public participation，Discover risk vulnerabilities as soon as possible。

But there are defects in the public participation in some public lack of necessary technical knowledge。To overcome this defect，Some scholars in Europe have carried out research。For example，Dutch philosopher Sabine Roeser broke through Kant and Hume's definition of emotional subjectivity，Discuss the objectivity of public emotions for the problem of potential risk issues，I hope to use public emotions to warn and review new technologies。Other paths include: Encourage the public to provide their own data (such as health data after taking the medicine after taking the medicine)，Reflecting technical effects to help discover hidden problems in technical design in time; design the "public participation" opinion efficient feedback channels。

The third difficulty，It is the so -called "Collingridge Dilemma，That is, "the consequences of technology are difficult to predict in the early stage of its development，bet365 best casino games With the development of technology，When it occupies production and market，The impact occurred when gradually obvious，The negative impact of technology is often difficult to control "。The difficulty of dealing with the difficulties of Colinuric is，The world of technology is a world of probability or uncertainty。Early in technical development，To ensure that R & D is free，At this time, you can provide less moral information for technical research and development。In the development of technology，Moral experience starts available time，Design according to moral standards、The degree of freedom of modification and adjustment has been reduced。For this，The measures proposed by Huo Wen are，Inform the public to the public in honestly，and accept the public opinion。The possible limits of human cognitive ability in technology research and development。When you must take action or make a choice when you must take action or ignorance，Not only should we assume responsibility for known things，It is also necessary to assume responsibility for the consequences caused by unknown things。

With the continuous development of technology，The impact of technology on society is continuously strengthened，In front of complicated technology，You must see the side of technology to create social wealth，Also see a negative effect that may be caused。To realize the "two corners of the cow" to take into account social wealth growth and maintain ethical value vision，It is necessary to pay full attention to the embedded value of the technology。Early stages of technology development，It should be like a storage capacity、speed、Bandwidth、Technical indicators such as compliance technical standards，Fully consider the embedded value。Development ideas centered on moral value in the early stage，Although it is not enough to fully cope with the bet365 best casino games non -obviousness of the technical effect，but can help engineers do better to a certain extent。

(This article is the "Research on Modern Social Technicalization" (16AZX007) in the National Social Science Fund key project)

(Author Unit: School of Philosophy of Renmin University of China)