Engels’s "The role of labor in the transition from ape to man" is an unfinished paper，But the labor -technical perspective is rich in ecological ethics thoughts。At the time of commemorating the 200th anniversary of Engels's birthday，Revisiting the "Labor of Labor in the Transition from Ape to Man"，Exploring the ecological ethical thoughts contained in it，It is of great benefit to further deepening the history of technological development and the research of ecological ethics。

　Bet365 app download

Labor is an activity that happened between man and nature，It is essentially consciously through people、Itself activities with certain purpose to adjust and control nature，Change the form or nature of natural objects，Serving the life and needs of human beings。Technology generally refers to various process operation methods and skills based on the principles of natural sciences，It can also be extended to the corresponding production tool、Related equipment and corresponding production process process、Operation program or method。

Labor and technology seem to have two different concepts，In fact, there is an inner interconnection。From the perspective of labor，Labor as a activity between man and nature，How to adjust and control nature，How to change the shape or nature of natural objects，Always use certain bet365 best casino games technology to achieve。From the perspective of technical perspective，Technology as a certain process operation method and skill，or production tools and related equipment，Always generate in certain production labor and be used by people for certain production labor。The technology of leaving labor and labor without technology are unimaginable。Engels explained the process of "labor creates people itself"，It also revealed the mystery -labor promotes the generation and development of technology，Similarly，The emergence and development of technology has further improved the efficiency of labor。

　　Labor and technology make people produce

First，Engels explained that in the process of transition from ape to man，The primary link of labor or technology is to walk upright。The premise of the reason why apes can walk upright is the division of labor: with the change of the living environment，The lifestyle of those apes living on the trees also changes，Began to engage in different activities when climbing。When walking on a flat ground，The habit of the ape began to get rid of the help of walking with your hands，Gradually start to walk upright，Move with your feet alone。Perhaps，Ape began to walk with your feet when he was rewarded，Expressing over time，Walking upright becomes a habit。This，The pattern of the division of hand and foot has been formed。

Next，Engels revealed the key links of labor or technology，It is the transformation of the ape man to become a manpower。As far as the function of the ape man is concerned，It is mainly used to pick Bet365 lotto review and hold food、Build a nest in the woods、Holding a wooden stick to resist the enemy、Throw the enemy with fruits and stones。After a long evolution，The ape hand becomes a manner。Engels thinks，Compared with human hands，Although bone festival、The number of muscles and meat is the same as generally arranged，But there is a huge difference。Engels pointed out，"Hand is not just an organ of labor，It is a product of labor "。To adapt to new actions，Human Muscle、ligament、Bone, etc. have new development，The dexterity brought by these new development is used in more new and complex actions。This，People have achieved high improvement。At the same time，Engels also pointed out，"The hand is not isolated。It is just a limb of the entire extremely complicated body "。The gradual dexterity of the hand and the development of the feet are adapted to the development of upright walking，It will also affect other parts of the body。

Last，Engels pointed out that the generation and development of labor and technology are inseparable from the collaboration between people，collaboration leads to the generation of language。This，Labor and technology and language together，Make the ape brain the human brain。Related to this，A person's sensory organs have also developed further。At the same time，Brain and other sensory、Development of consciousness and abstract ability and reasoning ability，In turn, promote labor、The development of technology and language。

Engels thinks，The real labor starts with the Bet365 app download manufacturing tool，The buds of technology began in the manufacturing tool。Original tool，Tools for hunting and fishing such as ancients，Not only the two forms of labor and fishing，also includes the technology of hunting and fishing。Here，The higher the technical level，The harvest of labor often will often get more。Such labor leads to changes in human food structure，This is an important step from ape to man。

Just as I learned to eat all kinds of things that can be eaten，People have also learned to live under different climate。People gradually migrate to the ground that can live everywhere，This makes the new need: require housing、clothing, etc. to resist the cold、Different climate such as humidity。This makes the new labor field and new technologies adapted to this，For example, build a house、Labor and related technologies of sewing clothes。

is hunting、Labor and related technologies such as animal husbandry，There are agricultural labor and related technologies，also produced spinning、Weaving、Metallurgy、Prefecture、Navigation and other labor forms and related technologies。Then，Business、Art、Science, etc. began to appear，Society has gradually developed from the tribe to the country and other forms，related laws、Politics, etc. also developed。

　　Solving ecological ethics paradox

Engels not only expounds the positive effect of labor and technology for "creating people itself"，and revealing its negative effects -the generation of ecological ethics paradox，and analyze the reasons it produced。

First，The development of labor and technology Bet365 lotto review leads to the emergence of ecological ethics paradox，It is related to the limitations of people。Engels pointed out，Learn to estimate the relatively long natural impact of our labor and technology development，Maybe you need to pass a long period，and learn to foresee a relatively long social impact may be more difficult。For example，17、People who engaged in creating and manufacturing steam engines in the 18th century should never have expected，The emergence and application of steam engines will cause severe changes in social conditions around the world。

Next，The reason why labor and technology development will produce ecological ethics paradox，Related to some people's urgency。Engels pointed out，"All production methods that have existed so far，All are only the most recent、The most direct beneficial effect "。"Against the production and exchange of capitalists can care about，It's just the most direct beneficial effect of their behavior ... We must get profits when selling，It has become the only motivation。"" "A factory owner or businessman sells or bought the goods he made or bought，As long as you get ordinary profits，He is satisfied，Instead of care about the situation of the goods and buyers in the future。”

So，Engels believes how to dissolve the ecological ecological ethical paradox generated by the development of labor and technology? first，"Don't get too much into the victory of our nature。For each such victory，Nature has revealed to us。Every victory，In the first step, we did get our expected results，But in the second and Bet365 lotto review third steps, there are completely different、Anyumous influence，I often cancel the first result "。Next，"We rule the nature，Not like the conqueror ruled the alien nation，Not like a person standing outside of nature -opposite，We are with our meat、Blood and mind belong to nature，Existing in nature; our entire rule of nature，It is that we are stronger than all other animals，Be able to recognize and use the law correctly。Learning to dominate at least our most common production behavior caused a relatively far natural impact "。Last，Ecological ethics paradox generated by the development of labor and technology，Engels thinks，"It's not enough to rely on understanding alone。This also requires our existing capitalist production method，and the entire social system that is connected with this production method is fully changed "。

Engels' thought on eliminating the development of ecological ethics generated by the development of labor and technology，For the relationship between we know labor and technology，Correctly deal with the relationship between labor -technology and nature，A comprehensive understanding of the relationship between people and nature is important。Further promote the healthy development of labor -technology，Can promote people -society -natural harmonious symbiosis。

　　(This article is the "Research on Applied Logic and Logic Application" (14ZDB14) in the National Social Science Fund major project)

(Author Unit: Institute of Science and Technology Ethics of Southeast University)