Great Waiting School is as ancient as astronomy，Humans need it to collect the hunting era。Cognition about waiting，In the process of getting food in the early days，Delivery and seasons through the change of natural geography and animals and plants，Blossom the plant、Animals、Climate change is associated with seasonal replacement，Therefore, the phenomenon of waiting to determine the waiting calendar of the seasonal time。The waiting calendar is essentially the solar calendar，Biomars that reflect the earth's revolving movement，It reflects the ancestors' cognition and use of natural rhythm，From this establishing the relationship between time and space。This process also triggered observation of astronomical phenomena，and the astronomical calendar is the basis for the establishment and cognition of time and space。

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The knowledge of the phenomenon in ancient China is very rich。At about 燧、Fuxi、Gong Gong's、In some ancient legends of Shennong's family，Cognition involved in waiting。There is a rich climate in the Oracle Bone Cabbage，In the year of Bupu、Bu Yu (including wind、Snow、Fog、Mongolia、hail, etc.)、Bu Yan、Buyu、Bu Shi、Miscellaneous records are more detailed，such as "Zhen，It is also rainy rain ""，Yizhen，Snow，Its year "and so on。"Shan Hai Jing · Dai Jing Jing" contains: "爰 爰 菽、Fish Rice、Ann paste、Ann paste，bet365 live casino games Baigu Self -lived，Winter summer piano。Birds Self -Song，Phoenix Bird Self -dance，Lingshou Shihua，Gathering of grass and trees。爰 There is a hundred beasts，Phase Group。This grass also，Winter and summer undead。"" Here involves the natural growth of a variety of grains，It also involves the understanding of animals and plants such as birds and animals and plants。The ancestors have accumulated rich waiting experience and knowledge，Being able to grasp the season，engaged in fishing, hunting and farming and animal husbandry。Similarly，Some Oracle and "Yao Dian" and "Shan Hai Jing" and other documents on the records of the four squares and the gods of the four squares，Reflected people's early consciousness of waiting。

Observation and astronomical observation in the early literature interaction，Reflected the situation of the two mixed use。"Xia Xiazheng" basically reflects the Xia Dynasty calendar，Astrology、Climate、The corresponding arrangement of the waiting and agricultural and agricultural agriculture is arranged in twelve months，such as "Zhengyue，Jian Jian see，Early faint ginseng，Douxian County is down; there are handsome winds;，Yanbei Township，雉 shocking; fish tadpoles are negative;，Liu Yan，plum apricot peach peaches; tita; chicken porridge ... Nongwei Jue Ji; Agricultural Rate Rate; Caiyun "。This reflects the combination of Xia Dai and even before the seasons of the waiting season and the time -viewing.，Become a template for the "Month Order" pattern of later generations。Similarly，This situation is also confirmed in the Book bet365 best casino games of Songs。If "Wind Wind · July" is similar to waiting poems，Among them, "April Show，May Mingli ""，June Shazhi Zhenyu，July in the wild，August in Yu，September in the house，October into my bed "and so on，Reflects people's inductive knowledge of knowledge; and in many chapters such as "Zhao Nan · Xiaoxing" and "Little Ya · Ji Nanshan" involved astronomy、Solar terms、Testing experience and other content，Some of these waiting and agricultural records are basically the same as "Xia Xiaoyang"。

Shang Zhou period，People are observed to observe the heart and stay in the twenty -eighth bed that appeared in the early spring of the spring，That is, the Red Greater Mars comes to fix the spring equinox，Some also determine the spring equinox with Jiayan，From this established the original two -point two -to -two -from (spring and autumn equinox and winter and summer solstice)。plus the Quartet during this period、Establishment of space concepts such as five parties，Based on the waiting -based、Time -time cognitive framework with astronomical phenomena observation。

　　Demonstration of Calendar at the time of viewing

Waiting calendar and rough astronomical observation can only be generally grasped，The phenomenon of waiting does not necessarily form a complete system of time sequence，Similar to the use of bucket handles in "Xia Xiaoyang", it can only be distinguished by spring, summer, autumn and winter。To deepen the understanding and grasp of time，People continue to explore summary，Observation time method。

"Shang Shu · Yao Dian" contains: "，Qin Ruo Haotian，Calendar, Sun, Moon Star，When I am awarded people。Bet365 app download Divided Destiny… Japan，Starbird，Yin Zhongchun。Juemin Analysis，Birds and Beast Tail。Uncle Shen Ming ... Ri Yong，Star Fire，To the Midsummer Midsummer ... Yin Zhongqiu。Jue Minyi，Birds and Beast Mao。Shen Minghe and Uncle ... Short day，Xingang，Yizhong Winter。Juemin 隩，Birds and Beasts 氄。Emperor said: Consultation! Ruji and，Phase 300 has six days in the 60s，Fix four o'clock in the leap month，Become a year old。"Observation Bird、Fire、Virtual、昴 Four -star dusk in the day of the south in the south to fixed two -point two to，Establishing the relationship between the four seasons and the shift of the fighting star，Give a yin and yang calendar that is parallel to the return of the year and Shuangwangyue，It marks the beginning of the time of the time season of the phenomena，Time to turn to viewing time。

，People have more accurate requirements for the season to continuously promote calendar deduction。In the late Spring and Autumn Period, the "quarter calendar" established the return age of 365.25 days，and use nineteen years and seventh, seven 闰，Get rid of dependence on the time for observation。The "Ancient Six points" in the late Warring States Period contains the concept of solar terms，promoted the better service of the yin and yes calendar for social practice。Qin Dynasty awarded "颛 顼 calendar" in the ancient calendar，is a quarter calendar，The regression is 365 and 1/4，Shuangwangyue is 29 and 499/940 days，Taking Meng Dong (October of the Lunar Calendar) as the age of the age，Lead the month at the end of the year, after September，This calendar is not matched with the bet365 best casino games seasons of the farm time and people's lives。

"Taichu Calendar" performs precise operations and verification of the calendar，Reform the old calendar to conform to the agricultural time，Taking the first month as the first year，Establish a twenty -four solar terms，For agricultural production、Agricultural activities and changes in the four quarters，The corresponding correspondence between the five -star and the seasons of the day and the moon。"Taichu Calendar" later，Twenty -four solar terms determination tends to be more precise and perfect。to "Giving Time"，Ding one year old is 365.2425 days，Each month is 29.530593，Its accuracy is similar to modern values。Calendar progress makes people better grasp time。At the same time，This also reflects the political tendency of ancient Chinese astronomy，That is the mastery of the imperial power of the astronomical calendar，Is the basis for the idea of ​​"monarchy"。

　　Integration of solar term and time system

The solar term is an important content of the astronomical calendar，It is also the product of the era of waiting cognitive。After experiencing two points two to、4:88 (Spring equinox、Autumn equinox、Summer solstice、winter solstice、Lichun、Li Xia、Liqiu、Lidong)，To the Warring States Period, with the determination of the twenty -four solar terms，Twenty -four solar terms have basically formed，Tendering and setting in Qin and Han dynasties。

"Huainanzi" against the twenty -four solar terms、Seventy -two waiting for regular arrangement，Three waiting for each solar term，Wait in five days、Three waiting solar terms，Twenty -four solar terms Bet365 app download cooperate with seventy -two waiting，Form 72 years a year、The cycle time system of the twenty -four solar terms。"Taichu Calendar" establishes the time interval of twenty -four solar terms，is a sign of the twenty -four solar terms to mature。Twenty -four solar terms reflect seasonal changes、Waiting phenomenon、Laws of Climate Features，For agricultural time arrangements、Agricultural production and their social life practice have had an important impact。"Wang Yannong Book" believes: "Cover the degree of the 28th beds，Twelve Chen Sun and Moon Meeting，Twenty -four solar terms push，Seventy -two waiting changes，Ruhuanzhun，Rotary of the wheel，The Festival of Nong Sang is occupied by this。"Here is a fixed month with twenty -four solar terms，Run the celestial body、Emeating changes、Crop growth and agricultural activities Correspondingly unified，Has a strong practical value。

In ancient China, it was formed with 48:88、December、Seventy -two waiting、Twenty -fourth solar terms as marked time system，and people's grasp of time is quite complicated，Astronomical calendar、Solar terms、The monthly order system is difficult to get，In daily life, it also includes the yellow calendar and superstition.。Many of the contents in the yellow calendar belong to the scope of the astronomical calendar，For example, monthly construction size、Solar terms、Shuo、Wang、Two strings, etc.。other，It also includes a few dragons、Several people points C、Xinxin for a few days、Several cattle farming fields、Zodiac、Sixty Armor、Men's Jiugong Shengsheng Watch and other bet365 best casino games content。Mid -day，It also contains a lot of "Yijia" categories，Such as a day of sacrifice、Avoid travel in one day、Where is the god of joy in one day。These calendars are very popular in the folk，It is an important basis for becoming an ancient Chinese understanding and grasp of time。

　(Author Unit: Suzhou University Social College)