Atlantic bonus bet365，Mainly refers to after the 15th century，Europe、Africa、Population between the four continents of North America and South America and their affiliated islands、Military、Knowledge、Religion、Society、Economy、bonus bet365 of exchanges and interactions in politics, law, etc.。As an analytical term，Atlantic bonus bet365 helps historians see the Atlantic world as a whole，And examine the relationship between the part and the whole。Atlantic Historiography，The academic circle of European and American bonus bet365 that emerged after World War II。After the mid-1960s，The gradual development of Atlantic historiography。Since the 1990s，Atlantic bonus bet365 has gradually become a popular research field in European and American bonus bet365。

In recent years，Chinese historians began to pay attention to Atlantic bonus bet365，And introduced and translated some treatises，For example, French Bootle's "Atlantic bonus bet365"、"Atlantic Migration: 1607-1860" by American Marcus Lee Hansen, etc.。But，Overall，The study of China’s Atlantic bonus bet365 is still in its infancy，Urgently need to be introduced、Absorb high-level research from abroad。Therefore，China Friendship Publishing Company launches "Atlantic bonus bet365" by the famous British historian Trevor Bernard，Just the right time。

Trevor Bernard is a PhD in bonus bet365 from Johns Hopkins University，Currently working at the University of Hull, UK，Director of the Wilberforce Institute，Editor-in-Chief, Oxford Atlantic Historical Bibliography。Professor Bernard’s academic achievements are fruitful，Many colonial histories have been published、Important works on the bonus bet365 of slavery and empire。Bernard was born and raised on the south coast of New Zealand，Later he was in Jamaica、Atlantic bonus bet365 courses are taught in many universities in the UK and New Zealand。These rich life experiences，Prompted him to keep thinking about Atlantic studies。

"Atlantic" is Professor Bernard's latest masterpiece。The book takes Atlantic bonus bet365 as a perspective，The Atlantic Ocean from 1490 to 1830 through a review and overview，A panoramic exploration and presentation of Africa、Europe、How the four continents of North America and South America are connected to each other through this ocean、Historical connection between collision and competition。The book has the following highlights worthy of attention。

Multi-dimensional display of complex bonus bet365

Historians prepare national general bonus bet365 or regional bonus bet365，The most common way is，Write the events that happened before and after in chronological order。This approach has obvious advantages: the clues are clear，Clearly organized，Historical materials are easier to process，It is not easy to overlap between various contents。But its shortcomings are also obvious: the research methods are too "traditional and outdated"，Easy to cause "aesthetic fatigue" in readers，At the same time，It may also be cast as a historical teleological narrative。

Bernard emphasized from the beginning，This book is a comprehensive，Instead of textbook。The author intends to show the themes and main lines of historical interpretation of Atlantic bonus bet365，It is not intended to detail everything in this area。For this，He cleverly divides the book into four parts，Written separately from bonus bet365、Time、Space and theme expanded from four angles。Part 1 discusses the concept of Atlantic bonus bet365，And reviewed the historical writing about the Atlantic in academia、Theoretical concepts and their criticisms, etc.。The second part focuses on time changes，Discussed the Columbian Exchange、Colonization、Aboriginal resistance、Slavery and Slave Trade、Some basic issues such as the Age of Enlightenment and the Age of Revolution。The third part adopts a geographical perspective，Analysis of the rise of the Atlantic World to West Africa、Western Europe、South America and the Caribbean、Changes brought about by North America，Examines the complex interactions between different regions、Communication and transmission。The author also details some of the most brutal and violent aspects of the plantation as a "killing machine"。Part IV deals with some basic themes of Atlantic bonus bet365: war and violence (including religious disputes、Piracy、The Anglo-French War and Aboriginal Resistance)、The flow of objects and the Atlantic in global consciousness。

This structural arrangement，It can make the narrative clear，It can also highlight the topic，Undoubtedly has certain advantages，Worth for reference。But，This layout is not perfect。In order to meet the different needs bonus bet365 four major parts，Sometimes it is necessary to spread the content bonus bet365 same topic into different chapters，This inevitably results in the duplication of certain themes。For example，"Violence" theme，Appears in both Chapter 5 of Part 2 and Chapter 13 of Part 4；"Slave" theme，Appears in both Chapter 4 and Chapter 5 of Part 1、Chapter 8 and 10 of Part 2；The theme of "Aboriginal Resistance"，Also appeared in Chapter 11 of Part 3、Part 4 Chapter 13。Although the same topic will be somewhat emphasized in different chapters，But such a differentiated layout，Definitely distracts readers’ attention。

　　Opposition to “Eurocentrism” Advocate "polycentricity"

Over a long period of time in the past，Atlantic bonus bet365 is shrouded in the shadow of "Eurocentrism"。A bonus bet365 of the Atlantic，Basically a bonus bet365 of European countries’ overseas colonial expansion，A bonus bet365 that “describes the rise of the West and the triumph of Western civilization since the Enlightenment”。In this perspective，The bonus bet365 of Africans and Native Americans is obscured。This flawed research perspective，Recently received more and more criticism。

It is undeniable，Many of the changes that triggered the emergence of Atlantic bonus bet365 did come from Western Europe，Western European countries played a particularly active role in the formation of the Atlantic World，And most of the historical materials that have been preserved are also written by Europeans，So in the process of research，Scholars naturally write more about Europe。But，The author clearly stated，Historians cannot return to old ideas of the past，That is, thinking that Europeans are activists，While Africans and Native Americans are passive recipients。One of the most difficult parts of Atlantic bonus bet365，That is, we cannot regard the historical experience of Europeans as the standard form，Also recognize the role of European expansion in creating the Atlantic world。The author thinks，Emphasis on cultural fluidity and adaptability is an appropriate way to thread the needle，This can accurately evaluate the European initiative in shaping the Atlantic world，Be able to pay attention to the impact of non-Europeans in resistance。Facing Europeans’ proactive behavior，Africans and Native Americans changed and adapted，At the same time, their actions changed the trajectory of power and culture in the evolving bonus bet365 of the Atlantic。The Atlantic perspective allows historians to abandon the original Eurocentric narrative，And adopt Europeans、The polycentric bonus bet365 of the encounter between Native Americans and Africans，Consciously stay away from the power paradigm that has dominated modern historical research from the beginning。

　　Adopting a global historical perspective and emphasizing interaction and connection

In recent years，global bonus bet365、Transnational bonus bet365 has become a new trend in international historical research。Although there is currently no consensus in the academic community on "what is global bonus bet365" and "what is transnational bonus bet365"，But global bonus bet365、Transnational bonus bet365 as a new theory for studying bonus bet365、New method、New Horizons，has been generally recognized by historians。Global bonus bet365 aims to break down the boundaries of nation-states，Study bonus bet365 from a holistic and connected perspective，Emphasis on the interactions and connections between different countries or societies。There are three common types of global bonus bet365 writing: one is global general bonus bet365 research，The second is various global cross-regional ones、Research on cross-cultural phenomena，The third is to do historical research on a certain country or region，But come up with new ideas on specific issues from a global perspective。

This book mainly draws on the two research methods of global bonus bet365，Through in-depth study of Atlantic bonus bet365，Revealing the interactivity and plurality of global bonus bet365。Bernard pointed out，Atlantic bonus bet365 is a field of historical research，Rather than a simple collection of several nation-state histories or regional histories。If there are no personnel、Product、The exponential flow of capital and ideas，Then the Atlantic World would not have emerged and developed。The Atlantic world itself is a multicultural world、A region where race and economic systems intersect，Its bonus bet365 reflects more than just Europe、Exchange and interaction between Africa and America，Also an important part of global bonus bet365。In discussing disease and environmental issues，The author pointed out，Pathogen diseases carried by Europeans，Like smallpox、Measles and influenza, etc.，Resulting in massive deaths of Native Americans，Causing serious population disaster。Affected by this，The Caribbean during its first century of contact with Europeans，The mortality rate of Aboriginal people is close to 99%。Native Americans as a whole dropped from 54 million in 1492 to 13.5 million in 1570，By 1820，Only 850,000 people remain。

By examining the movement of people (colonization、Slave trade)、Commodity (Silver、Sugar、Rum、Cotton) Trading、Animal (Horse、Cow、Sheep、Pig、Mosquitoes) and plants (corn、Potato、Cassava、Tobacco、Cocoa beans、Tomatoes、Peanut、Wheat) Big Exchange，And the resulting cultural interaction and exchange，The author fully demonstrates the most important theme of Atlantic bonus bet365: from the 15th century to the present，The Atlantic Ocean is not just an ocean or a real existence，It’s more of an exchange、Communication、Special area for circulation and dissemination。These exchanges and exchanges，The inner structure that profoundly shaped the way of life on four continents over a long period of time。

In short，The book "bonus bet365 of the Atlantic" not only explores in detail the politics of the Atlantic world from 1490 to 1830、Economic and cultural changes，Also provides an in-depth analysis of the important position and role of the Atlantic world in global bonus bet365，It helps domestic readers deepen their understanding of Atlantic bonus bet365、Understanding of ocean bonus bet365 and global bonus bet365。

　　(This article is a phased result of the National Social Science Fund General Project "Research on Compilation and Database Construction of Ancient Northern Maritime bonus bet365 Documents and Cultural Relics" (22BZS010)

(The author is a researcher at the School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Macau Polytechnic University)