Atlantic History，mainly refers to after the 15th century，Europe、Africa、The population between the four continents and its affiliated islands of North America and South America、Military、Knowledge、Religious、Society、Economy、During the history of communication and interaction in politics and law。As an analytical term，Atlantic history helps historians regard the Atlantic world as a whole，and examine the relationship between local and overall。Atlantic history，Race up in the European and American historians after World War II。After the mid -1960s，Atlantic history gradually develops。Since the 1990s，Atlantic history has gradually become a popular research field in the European and American historical circles。

In recent years，Chinese historical circles began to pay attention to Atlantic History，and introduced some discussions，Such as "History of the Atlantic"、American Marcus Lee Hansen "Atlantic Immigration: 1607-1860" and so on。but，Overall，Research on Atlantic History in China is still in its infancy，Unexpected need to introduce、Absorb high -level research abroad。Therefore，China Friendship Publishing Corporation launched the famous British historian Treg Bernard "Atlantic History"，Just at the time。

Treffer Bernard is a doctorate in history of Johns Hopkins University in the United States，Currently working at Heller University, UK，Director of Ren Wilbel Institute，Editor -in -chief of Oxford Atlantic History Book Database。Professor Bernard's academic achievements，Published a number of colonial history、Important works in slavery history and empire history。Bernard bet365 best casino games was born and grown on the coast of southern New Zealand，After he was shopping in Jamajia again、Many universities in the United Kingdom and New Zealand teach Atlantic History Course。These rich life experiences，Promote him constantly thinking about Atlantic research。

"Atlantic" is the latest masterpiece of Professor Bernard。The book is from the perspective of the history of the Atlantic，Atlas of the Atlantic Ocean by reviewing and overview of 1490-1830，Panorama Inquiry and Show Africa、Europe、How to connect with this ocean between the four continents of North America and South America、Historical connection between collision and competition。This book has the following highlights worthy of attention。

Bet365 app download

Historians write national history or regional history，The most common way is，Write the events that occur before and after in the order of time order。This process has obvious advantages: clear clues，Clear theory，Historical materials are easier to deal with，It is not easy to cross overlap between various content。But its disadvantages are relatively obvious: the research method is too "traditional"，"Aesthetic fatigue" easily causes readers' "aesthetic fatigue"，At the same time，It is also possible to cover the color of historical purpose on narrative。

Bernard emphasized at the beginning，This book is a comprehensive，instead of textbooks。The author intends to show the theme and main line of the historical interpretation of Atlantic History，but inadvertently described everything in this region。For this，He cleverly divides the book into four parts，Write from history、Time、Space and theme: Expand。The first part discusses the concept of Atlantic history，and reviewed the historical writing of the academic community about the Atlantic Ocean、Theoretical concepts and the criticisms they Bet365 app download have received。The second part uses time change as the main line，Discussion on Columbus Exchange、Colonial、Resistance of Aboriginal people、slavery and slave trade、Some basic issues such as the Enlightenment era and the revolutionary era。The third part uses a geographical perspective，Analysis of the rise of the Atlantic World Give West Africa、Western Europe、South America and the Caribbean region、Changes brought about by North America，It examines complex interaction between different regions、Communication and transmission。The author also described in detail some of the most cruel and violent aspects of planting gardens as "killing machines"。The fourth part involves some basic themes involved in the history of the Atlantic Ocean: war and violence (including religious disputes、Pirate behavior、The resistance of the British and French War and the Aboriginal people)、The flow of items and the Atlantic Ocean in global consciousness。

This structure arrangement，Can make the narrative clear，can make the topic highlight，undoubtedly have a certain advantage，It is worth learning from。but，This layout is not flawless。The author to meet the different needs of the four parts，Sometimes the content of the same theme has to be scattered into different chapters，This will inevitably cause repetition of certain themes。For example，"Violence" theme，At the same time, it appeared in Chapter 5 Chapter 5 and Part 4 Chapter 13; the theme of "Slave"，At the same time, the fourth and fifth chapters that appear at the same time at the same time、Chapter 8 and Chapter Tenth of Part 2; "Aboriginal Resistance" theme，At the same time, it appeared in Chapter 3 Chapter 11、Part 4 Chapter 13。Although the same theme will focus on different chapters，But the layout of such a divided into such divided，bet365 Play online games undoubtedly dispersed the reader’s attention。

　　Opposition "European Center Theory" Promote "multi -central theory"

For a long time in the past for a long time，The history of Atlantic Ocean is shrouded in the shadow of the "European Center theory"。A Atlantic History，Basically it is a history of overseas colonial expansion in European countries，A history of "Description of the West since the Enlightenment and the victory of Western civilization"。Under this perspective，The history of Africans and the Aboriginal people of the Americas is blocked without seeing。This defective research perspective，I have received more and more criticisms recently。

It is undeniable that，Many changes that trigger the history of Atlantic history are indeed from Western Europe，Western European countries play a particularly positive role in the formation of the Atlantic world，Most of the historical materials that are currently preserved are also written by Europeans，Therefore, during the research process，Scholars naturally have more pen and ink to Europe。but，The author clearly points out，Historians cannot regain the old concepts of the past，It is considered that Europeans are active molecules，Africans and Aboriginal people are passive recipients。One of the most difficult parts of Atlantic history research，It can not take the historical experience of Europeans as a standard form，It is also necessary to recognize the role of European expansion in creating the Atlantic World。The author thinks，Emphasizing cultural liquidity and adaptability is the appropriate way to wear a needle -piercing lead，This can be allowed to evaluate the active behavior of Europeans in the creation of the Atlantic world，Can pay attention to the influence of non -Europeans in resistance。Facing the active behavior of Europeans，bet365 live casino games Africans and the American Aboriginal people have made changes and adaptation，At the same time, their actions have changed the trajectory of power and culture in the continuous evolutionary Atlantic history。Atlantic perspective allows historians to abandon the original European Center's narrative，Europeans、Multi -central history of Aboriginal people and Africans in America，Consciously stay away from that kind of power paradigm for modern historical research from the beginning。

　　Emphasize interaction and connection with global historical perspectives

In recent years，Global History、Transnational History has become a new trend of international historical research。Although the academic community has not reached an agreement on "what is global history" and "what is the history of multinational"，But global history、The history of multinational history as a new theory of research history、New method、New vision，It has been generally recognized by historians。Global History is breaking the boundary of the nation -state，Study history from the perspective and connection from the overall view，Emphasize interaction and association between different countries or society。There are three common global history writing: one is the research of global general history，Second, various global cross -regional cross -regional、Research on Cross -Cultural Phenomena，Third is to do historical research in a certain country or region，But put forward new ideas for specific issues in global vision。

This book mainly borrows two research methods after global history，Through in -depth research on the history of Atlantic Ocean，reveals the interaction and diversity of global history。Bernard pointed out，Atlantic History is a field of historical research，instead of a simple collection of several national national history or regional history。If no personnel、Commodity、bet365 best casino games Capital and concepts show index level flow，Then the Atlantic world cannot appear and develop。The Atlantic World itself is a variety of cultures、regions where races and economic systems meet，Its history not only reflects Europe、Africa and America's communication and interaction，It is also an important part of global history。When discussing diseases and environmental problems，The author pointed out，pathogen diseases carried by Europeans，Like a smallpox、measles and influenza，As a result, the Aboriginal people in the Americas are killed in large quantities，Caused a serious population disaster。Affected by this，The Caribbean region is in the first century in contact with Europeans，Aboriginal mortality rate is close to 99%。The Aboriginal people in the Americas fell from 54 million in 1492 to 13.5 million people in 1570，By 1820，Only 850,000 people are left。

Through inspector flow (colonial、slave trade)、Commodity (Silver、Sugar、Lim wine、cotton) transaction、Animals (horse、Cow、Sheep、Pig、mosquito) and plant (corn、potato、Cutlvery、Tobacco、Cocoa、Tomato、Peanut、Wheat) Big exchange，and the follow -up cultural interaction and communication，The author fully demonstrates the most important theme of the history of the Atlantic: from the 15th century to the present，The Atlantic Ocean is not just a ocean or real existence，It is even a exchange、Communication、Special areas of circulation and dissemination。These communication and exchange，For a long time, the inner structure of the four people's lifestyles on the continent has been deeply shaped for a long time。

In short，"Atlantic History" not only discussed the politics of the Atlantic World from 1490-1830、Economic and cultural changes，It also analyzes the important position and role of the Atlantic world in global history，Help domestic Bet365 lotto review readers deepen the history of Atlantic、Understanding of Ocean History and Global History。

　　(This article is the National Social Science Foundation General Project "Research on the Research and Database Construction of Ancient Northern Marine History Documents and Cultural Relics Information and Database Construction" (22BZS010)

(The author is a researcher at the School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Macau University of Technology)