China belongs to the four ancient civilizations，This is common sense。But there is a question that still requires us to make a serious answer，When is the "ancient" of our ancient civilized country dating back? Some scholars，Mainly foreign scholars，Only recognizes that the business of our country is civilization，For the previous Xia Dynasty，But unwilling to believe it is civilization，or simply deny its existence in history。This question，Not only is it related to the "color" of our ancient civilization country，It is also related to how to understand the particularity of ancient Chinese civilization，Do not figure out。

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The proposition of the "Four Great Civilizations" was proposed by Liang Qichao, the advocate of the new histori,。The two more influential world history books in contemporary contemporary parts，One is the "History of Global Pass" written by American scholar Stavrianos，The other is "History of World Civilization" written by American scholar William McGehic，Both China is counted as the earliest batch of ancient civilizations in the world。

Summarizing the narrative of the four ancient civilizations at home and abroad，You can summarize several basic characteristics of the ancient civilizations: first，They are all native civilizations，is the future Asia、Europe、A series of ancient countries in Africa northern Africa、The source of ancient civilization; second，They are all in the fertile plain area of ​​the large river basin，It is an ancient civilization bred from this special natural geographical environment; third，The time they generate are very early，is the Bet365 app download Middle East where they are、North Africa、South Asia、The earliest civilization in several regions in East Asia。The time period they generate is between 3500 and 2000 BC，It can indeed be called the earliest batch of civilizations in world history。

It is worth noting that，Is the Xia Dynasty in China or the earliest country of the Shang Dynasty, the earliest country, and the earliest civilization，Have different views among scholars。McGea is the beginning of the establishment of the Xia Dynasty as the beginning of China to enter a civilized society。Stavrianos is the beginning of the establishment of the Shang Dynasty as the beginning of China to enter a civilized society，This statement conflicts with his claims that Chinese civilization produces in the fertile river basin and plain areas。We agree with McGehh's proposition，Acknowledge that Xia Dynasty was the earliest civilization in China。

　　Where to find summer civilization

Foreign scholars and some domestic scholars do not recognize the Xia Dynasty in China，Of course, because of their limitations of the understanding of Chinese history and ancient Chinese literature，but more important，I am afraid that we have not allowed them to see the real summer civilization from archeology。

The Yanshi Erlitou site located near Luoyang, Henan is today is the first archeological site that we can prove the existence of Xia Dynasty.。The archeological site that is still being excavated there really shows a king of meteorological，It is not too much to say that it is a "wide -area country" capital。But Erlitou is just a metropolis in the late Xia Dynasty。Due to the age of Erlitou culture, it was not as early as 1750 BC，The literature also records that the Xia Dynasty has expanded its forces to the area of ​​Heluo in the late Xia Dynasty。As for the residence of the early summer and middle period，Especially the region bet365 live casino games it has emerged，It also needs to spend a lot of effort to find。

Actually，As long as we incorporate the Xia Dynasty into the vision of the "Four Great Civilizations and Ancient Countries"，This problem is not difficult to solve。Summer State or Summer Civilization，It should also be the same as other ancient civilizations，It is in the fertile plain area of ​​the Greater River Basin。Under the specific historical conditions at that time，This should be the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River in China。The terrain here is vast and low，River Lake vertical and horizontal，Land fertilizer，Special loess accumulation formed by the Yellow River accumulation，The most suitable development of agriculture。Longshan Cultural Period near the Xia Dynasty，With the turn of the climate in northern China，Promote the new riverside land in this area、Fasting plain and Hekou Delta rapidly develop，Lake Mumper area sharply reduced，The entire Henan East Ruxi Plain becomes more suitable for human residence。From yes，A square spokes are formed quickly here、Economic and Cultural Development Center with a prosperous population。

Echo this with this，Document records that the administrative region of the Xia Dynasty in China is also in this area。Wang Guowei pointed out in the "Yin Zhou Institutional Theory": "Xia Zikang has been so far after Taikang，Its capital and his place names are seen in the classic，Rate in Dongtu，Hundreds of years with the businessman's wrong place。"The so -called" River Jima "，It mainly refers to today's middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River in the East of Yu East。Is it necessary to point out，Not only in the area of ​​Xia is in this area，Even if the literature contains the area of ​​Yuzhi flood，Also in this area。

More importantly，This archeological excavation can also provide strong evidence for Xia Xing's starting between Gu Bet365 app download Heji。According to the literature, such as "Zuo Zhuan", there are records of "all summer in the summer", that is, the record of Puyang today，It is called the Spring Qiu Guo Guo City (that is, Diqiu).。Just，Puyang Gaocheng ruins excavated in recent years also displayed，The huge guardian city above it is overlapping on a series of rammed soil base sites that start built in early summer (or earlier)。Puyang is the center of the ancient Heji area，This is clearly showing the historical facts of Xiahou family who lived in Luxi, East Henan。

I have been to the area of ​​Luxi, Henan East，I found that there are many mounds on the vast plains there，Local or called。I know，They are the ruins that the ancestors lived，The era can be traced back to the front and back of the Xia Dynasty。Why do the ancestors live on this mound? It turned out to be to avoid the frequent flooding floods。Check the literature，They are "Shangshu Yugong".，Is the "Qiu"。This phenomenon compares this phenomenon with the natural environment of the four major civilizations.，Originally these countries，Including the two river basins、Ancient Egypt、Ancient India，There are the same situation。This has been confirmed by archeological investigations or excavations in these places。

　　Xia Dynasty established the characteristics of early civilization with China

According to the literature record，Xia Dai's country is the establishment of the people of the Xia Hou family to organize the general public to participate in the treatment of water and keep them on the basis.。Among them, the earlier records are found in "Mandarin · Zhou Yu"。It is said，Due to the success of Yu Zhishui，"Huang Tianjia，胙The world，Give the last name ‘姒’、Family said ‘There is summer’，It means that it can also use Jiayi Yin rich creature " ，It can be said that the relationship between Yu Zhi's flood bet365 best casino games and the establishment of the two countries in the Xia Dynasty is very clear。We have no reason to doubt the record of "Mandarin"。Besides, the Mi Gong Mingming in the mid -Western Zhou Dynasty also recorded the incident of Yu Zhihuan，It is also the "matching the people" of Yu Zhishui and Yu、The parents of the king of the lower bound and the parents of the people are linked。Of course，Some memories of people in the Western Zhou Dynasty still have a certain distance from the real summer history，But contact us to investigate the geographical environment of the Xia Dynasty and the geographical environment of the flood in the Xia Dynasty，I believe that the historical records are not fabricated out of thin air。

If I believe that the birth of the Xia Dynasty country in the literature is the truth of history，So we should believe that some characteristics of the political and economic structure of the Xia Dynasty from this should be believed.。

First，Xia should be a wide -area country formed by the state of the state with a vast area。It is neither a small city -state country like ancient Greece and Rome，It will not include the large scale like the so -called Kyushu in the world，It is just a combination of many states in the ancient Heji area。This is because this country was originally caused by the flooding of this area。Despite this，We can still say that Xia laid the regional foundation of the three generations of ancient China in China。

Second，The Xia Dynasty country implements the political system of the level monarchy。The so -called monarchy，It is the monarch who has sovereignty in the region he jurisdiction over，and the residents of this area implement authoritarian rule，Junzhu position for life and can be hereditary。Xia Wang is the monarch on the summer area，was the common master of the "world" at that time。But the Xia Dynasty country is composed of multiple ethnic states，Each family Bet365 app download has its own monarch，Bangjun exercise power in his own state，It can also be hereditary，So Xia Dai implemented a system for the union of the grade monarch。This republic (democratic republic or noble republic) implemented by ancient Greece and Rome is two fundamental systems。

The economy of the Xia Dynasty is self -sufficient，Agriculture occupies a dominant position in the economy。The purpose of Yu Zhishui is mainly to solve the development of low -land agriculture。This is called "Mandarin · Zhou Yu" called Yu Zhishui "can be rich in the biology of Jiaxia Yin"、The Analects of Confucius calls Yu "Bowing" and "Do your best to ditch"，You can get a good proof。Ancient Greek Roman City State Economy is completely another style。Ancient Greece Duoshan，The land is not very fertile，The variety of agricultural products is also single，Not all city -state is mainly agricultural economy，Many city -states are known for their handicrafts and business。Because the living karma of each city -state is different from the natural environment，It needs to be exchanged to meet the needs of their respective material production and life，plus the city -states by Aegean、East Mediterranean siege or surround this natural environment，So the business of ancient Greece、Transportation，Including maritime trade is very developed。Ancient Greek civilization to a large extent is based on commercial civilization。

Affects socio -economic form，The development of ancient Greek Roman slavery has a close relationship with the commercial trade behavior there，The prevalence of sale of slaves is an important manifestation of business development。Ancient Chinese slavery is underdeveloped，It is also related to the underdevelopment of the ancient Chinese commodity economy。If you want to talk about the differences in the social structure of the two places，bet365 Play online games So it can be said，The basic structure of ancient Greek and Roman society is: slave master、Citizen ← → slave、Gentiles; the basic structure of ancient Chinese society is: monarch、nobles ← → the majority of people。

(Author Unit: School of History and Culture, Hebei Normal University)