As the most important ideological document in the early days of Marxism，The "Communist Manifesto" (hereinafter referred to as the "Manifesto") was printed and published in German in London in February 1848。so far，The Declaration has been translated into more than 100 different languages ​​around the world。Being continuously extended through bet with bet365、The "Manifesto" that is constantly energizing，Carrying the ideals and passions of generations，Sparking ideological agitation in different societies。The bet with bet365 and introduction of the Declaration in China began in 1899，Timothy Richard and Cai Erkang collaborated to publish "Big Classmates" in the "Gongguo Gazette"，The article mentions "Marx", "Engels", "Anmin New Learning" (i.e. socialism) and parts of the "Manifesto" for the first time。Afterwards，Many knowledgeable people，Including Liang Qichao、Zhao Bizhen、Li Dazhao、Zhu Zhixin、Song Jiaoren and others have excerpted or partially introduced the "Manifesto"。But the "Declaration" was completely translated into Chinese in 1920，Translated by Chen Wangdao。

　The origin of Chen Wangdao and his bet with bet365

Chen Wangdao (1891-1977)，People from Yiwu, Zhejiang Province，Original name is Shenyi，Later renamed "Wangdao"，means placing hope on the revolutionary road。He is one of the early founders of the Communist Party of China，is a famous educator in my country、Social activist and linguist。His "Rhetoric Revealed" is regarded as the pioneering work of modern Chinese rhetoric。He is in philosophy、Aesthetics、Logic、Journalism、He has also made considerable achievements in many fields such as education，Writer of many related academic classics；And his bet with bet365 of the "Communist Manifesto" had an immeasurable impact on the Chinese revolution。

Chen Wangdao once studied at Chuo University in Japan and received a law degree，I started to get in touch with Marxist classics while in Japan，Accept Marxist thought。After the outbreak bet with bet365 May 4th Movement in 1919，Chen Wangdao returned to China and worked as a Chinese teacher at Zhejiang First Normal School，Actively participate in the New Culture Movement with progressive teachers and students。Because of promoting new morality、New Literature，Chen Wangdao and several other progressive teachers were persecuted by the government，Causing the famous "One Division Trend"，Forced to leave Hangzhou after the turmoil。

At that time，Dai Jitao, who presided over the work of "Weekly Commentary", was recommended by Shao Lizi，Invite Chen Wangdao to translate the "Declaration"，Chen Wangdao happily agreed，Return to my hometown Fenshuitang Village, Yiwu, Zhejiang，Being busy translating in a woodshed at home。Chen Wangdao was too focused during the bet with bet365 of the Declaration，The story of mistakenly eating ink as brown sugar for dipping rice dumplings without realizing it is widely spread。Shen Xuanlu, editor of "Weekly Review", said in a reply to readers，Chen Wangdao "spent five times more effort than usual" in translating this book，This shows his enthusiasm and attention to this work。April 1920，Chen Wangdao completed the bet with bet365，Received another telegram from "Weekly Review"，Invite him to Shanghai as editor of the newspaper。But when he came to Shanghai with the bet with bet365 the next month，It was discovered that this newspaper was ordered to cease publication by the authorities due to its progressive tendencies，The original plan to publish the bet with bet365 in the newspaper fell through。Later，With the help of Chen Duxiu who was forming the Shanghai Communist Group，The bet with bet365 has won financial support from the Communist International。After the bet with bet365 was reviewed by Chen Duxiu and Li Hanjun，Youxin Printing House, a printing factory secretly established by the party organization in August 1920，Published under the name of "Socialist Research Society"。This is how the first full Chinese bet with bet365 of the "Manifesto", known as the "First Book of Red China", was born。

　　The original text of the bet with bet365 and the characteristics of the bet with bet365

There are two original versions of Chen’s bet with bet365 of the Manifesto，The first is the Japanese bet with bet365 provided by Dai Jitao，The second is the English bet with bet365 borrowed by Li Dazhao from the Peking University Library，Mainly Japanese bet with bet365。The Japanese bet with bet365 was jointly translated by Kotoku Shusui and Sakai Toshihiko，The full bet with bet365 was published in March 1906，And this Japanese bet with bet365 is based on Samuel Moore、Translated from the English bet with bet365 revised by Engels。So，The Declaration entered China through a bet with bet365 process from German (1848) → English (1888) → Japanese (1906) → Chinese (1920)。

The most significant linguistic feature of Chen Wangdao's bet with bet365 of the "Manifesto" is the obvious tendency toward vernacular Chinese，It is far different from the bet with bet365 styles of Yan Fu and Lin Shu who were only ten or twenty years apart。This is closely related to Chen Wangdao’s political and cultural ideas。1910s and 1920s，The New Culture Movement is surging，And around 1920, it was the time when the vernacular movement was in full swing，Chen Wangdao, who once served as editor of "New Youth", the front of the New Culture Movement, is a staunch supporter of this movement、Practitioners and Defenders，So the vernacular style of his bet with bet365 of the Manifesto is expected。Based on research by Wang Dongfeng and Li Ning，Compared with classical Chinese，Chen’s version of the sentence becomes longer，Few characters become less，The classical Chinese function word "Zhihuzheye" is almost extinct。The bet with bet365 also makes extensive use of the particle "idi" unique to the transitional period between Wen and Bai dynasties，And there is a phenomenon of mixed use of "bottom" and "of"，For example, "languages ​​of various countries", "history of society", "expressing one's opinions through one's own party's manifesto", etc.。Also，The bet with bet365 style is more colloquial，For example, "He drafted the following declaration" "His characteristic is to simplify class confrontation"。For rhetorician Chen Wangdao，This is certainly not an effort to create a new style of written language using the so-called popular language of "talking about people who sell cars and sell pulp"。In China at that time，Many Western words are directly translated into Japanese，Although Chen Wangdao uses the Japanese bet with bet365 as his main source，But he did not copy all the existing bet with bet365 methods in the Japanese bet with bet365，But based on the social context of China at that time，Selectively modified。For example, "gentleman" and "gentleman" in the Japanese bet with bet365，Chen Wangdao based on the common saying at the time，Translated as "property owner" and "proprietary class"，"Civilian" in the Japanese version，"Proletarian" in Chen's bet with bet365。And in terms of rhetoric，Fang Hong and Wang Kefei think，Compare with Japanese bet with bet365，Chen’s bet with bet365 pays more attention to rhythm, vividness and expressiveness of language，For example, "revolutionary elements" are transformed into "revolutionary seeds"，"Agricultural Revolution" became "Agrarian Revolution"，The "hostility" of the two classes of antagonism is transformed into "confrontation"，Change the development of the bourgeoisie from "decline" to "overthrow"。In short，The Chinese bet with bet365 is more intense in wording，There is an obvious tendency to "sharpen"，This can be understood as Chen Wangdao based on his own beliefs，To emphasize the position of the Declaration、Increase revolutionary appeal、A bet with bet365 strategy adopted to encourage people to fight。

From this point of view，Chen's bet with bet365 of "The Manifesto" well reflects the interaction between ideology and bet with bet365。On the one hand，Ideology，Including personal consciousness、Group consciousness、Social consciousness determines whether to translate or not、What to translate、Translated by whom、How to translate。On the other hand，bet with bet365 reacts on ideology - it renews thought、Subvert the old consciousness、Create new consciousness，The influence of Chen’s bet with bet365 of the Manifesto in China perfectly illustrates this point。

　　The influence of the bet with bet365 of "The Communist Manifesto"

Once the Chinese bet with bet365 of the "Manifesto" came out，It caused a huge response。All 1,000 copies of the first edition are given away，The reprint of 1,000 copies was sold out quickly after one month，As of May 1926，Chen’s bet with bet365 of the "Manifesto" has been reprinted for 17 editions，The bet with bet365 was reprinted 10 times between January and May 1926。To avoid authorities’ scrutiny，The title of this book has been changed many times、Translated name and publisher name。There are currently 17 versions of this bet with bet365 found，Undoubtedly the most widely spread in early my country、The most influential Marxist work，It influenced a large number of advanced Chinese intellectuals，Created a generation of early communists。After the establishment of the Shanghai Organization of the Communist Party, a cadre school was founded，Chen Wangdao, as a teacher, explained this "Manifesto" to them，Liu Shaoqi、Ren Bishi、Luo Yinong、Xiao Jinguang、Wang Shouhua and others are students。Zhu De、Peng Dehuai、He Long、Xu Teli and others were also guided by this book，Belief in Marxism，On the road to revolution。Zhou Enlai once said to Chen Wangdao at a meeting, "We are all educated by you"，This statement is mostly referring to the book "Manifesto"。

After Chen Wangdao，Many people in China have translated and published the full version of the Declaration，Ruhuagang (1930)、Cheng Fangwu and Xu Bing (1938)、Bogu (1943)、Chen Shoushi (1943)、Xie Weizhen (1949), etc.，These translations are highly refined in terms of language、Content accuracy and completeness are constantly improving，But Chen Wangdao has a rough road、Yiqishanlin’s achievements will not be lost in the dust of history，Chen's bet with bet365 of the "Manifesto" will be remembered as "the sun lifted out of the woodshed" because it influenced the fate of the entire nation。

(This article is a phased result of the "Research on the Western bet with bet365 of Confucian Classics" (FWKQJ201907), a high-level talent research start-up project of Fuzhou University of Foreign Studies and Foreign Trade)

(Author’s unit: School of Foreign Languages, Fuzhou University of Foreign Studies；Faculty of Humanities, University of Macau)