The signing of "Westpulia Hakka" in 1648 has a milestone in the history of international relations，The purpose is to curb the hegemonic ambitions based on the principle of equality of the sovereignty of each member state，The principle of equality and sovereignty has been established。Since the end of the Cold War，The United States has been promoting the amendmentist world order based on sovereignty -based sovereignty，and the banner of "universal values" rationalized。The world order of hegemony is designed to transcend international anarchy，Its means include obstructing the rise of potential opponents and promoting the system of inequality of sovereignty，Therefore, it is destined to be short and unstable。With the end of the era of hegemony，The world begins to turn to multi -pole power balance，Therefore, it is necessary to re -excavate the connotation of the principles of inseparable safety。

The global civilization initiative proposed by President Xi Jinping helps to recover and improve the Westparia sovereign system based on the balance of power and equality of sovereignty。Global civilization initiative emphasizes respect for world civilization diversity，Its core is the world's polarization。

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World Order refers to maintaining world peace、A way of organization and operation of safety and development，This organizational method constitutes the basis of the world's political rules。"Westparia Hamachi" has created a new international system for European countries，It also lays the foundation of modern world order，This is inseparable from the dominant position of the West in the past 500 years。European order was previously organized by the hegemony of the Holy Roman Empire，But，With the dispersion of power，Religious reform destroys "universal value"。The collapse of the order of hegemony leads to a cruel 30 -year war (1618-1648)，No conflict can achieve a decisive victory to re -carry out hegemony control，At the same time，Catholic Church as the legal dominance status as a universal religious institution is also disintegrated。Although the war was initially began in the religious dispute between Catholics and Protestants，But power、Political status becomes more and more important，Even France, who believes in Catholicism, has decided to associate with the Swedish alliance that believes in Protestantism，to balance the excessive power of the Habsburg Empire who believes in Catholicism。

The signing of "Westparia" symbolizes the end of bet365 Play online games the war，A new order of power balance has been outlined in Europe，It also lays the foundation for the modern world order。It establishes the sovereignty of each kingdom，Therefore, the problem of overlapping the scope of power jurisdiction，The concept of sovereign countries is also born。In such a system composed of a sovereign state，countries、Groups of various countries are evenly matched，To maintain peace by defending yourself。When there is no hegemony，The country becomes the highest sovereign，Europe must solve the international anarch of the international anarch at this time。Under this state of international relations，There is no authoritative authority or management agency to regulate interactive behavior between ethnic countries。In other words，Each country has sovereignty and independent status，No superior authority to execute rules and resolve disputes。This security dilemma has caused conflict，Because as long as a country takes more measures to increase its own security, it may destroy the security of other countries。

Therefore，One of the key principles of "Westparia Peace" is the inseparable principles of security，Ensuring the safety of the opponent is the key to achieving European persistence, peace and stability。This principle is different from traditional international security concepts，The victory of the conflict can punish and conquer the failed party。On the contrary，This order aims to replace conquest and rule with constraints and cooperation。The Concert of EUROPE system founded in 1815 also adopts this principle。

But，"Westparia Haki" establishes a European order，The sovereign equality it implements it is limited to Europe。Despite this，The gradual dispersion of power and the weakening of Western collective hegemony have led to a gradual disintegration of the colonial empire，This means that it is necessary to make the concept of sovereign equality over all countries。The Westparian system laid the foundation for the later international law formulated by the United Nations Charter，At the same time, the concept of the colonial custody system gradually eliminates the concept of colonial custody。But，The group's political and subsequent security dependencies formed due to the Cold War have re -created the concept of limited sovereignty。At the end of the Cold War，An opportunity to re -reform and establish the Westpilla system between sovereign and equal countries，Based on the principle of inseparable safety。But，The disintegration of the Soviet Union caused the Western power led by the United States to concentrate。They oppose international power balance，Instead of supporting hegemony stability theory。

　　The rise and fall of "American Peace" 

At this time，For the first time in history, the possibility of global hegemony dominated by the United States，The means of establishing a new world order on this basis is to claim that the hegemony represents the "universal values"。The so -called theory behind this is，Hegemony and freedom and democratic values ​​can achieve a more lasting peace than power balance。During the Cold War，The state of peaceful coexistence in Western countries will expand in the era of the after -Cold War to global。One month after the disintegration of the Soviet Union，President Bush announced in his speech in January 1992, Yao Wuyang announced: "We are the United States of America，We change from Western leaders to global leaders。”

The concept of Pax-Americana (PAX-Americana) originated from Pax-Romana，That is, the peace and stability period of the Roman Empire hegemony of the Roman Empire in the 1st century AD to the 2nd century。This 200 -year period has achieved relative peace，Economic and cultural prosperity。But this period is also known for suppressing objections，At the same time，Roman cultural values ​​are imposed on the conquered nation。Hegemony and peace can only be maintained by curbing the rise of competitors。The Soviet Union disintegrated in February 1992，The leakage of the "Defense Planning Guide" (DPG) in the United States revealed Volfuwitz's theory of global dominance，The file mentioned that "the primary goal is to prevent new competitors from rising again"，This includes the rise of allies such as Germany and Japan。

Under the rule of hegemony，The principle of sovereign equality is abandoned，Because the hegemonic state claims to have the right to represent and defend other ethnic groups。Therefore，The international law formulated by the United Nations has been weakened，Instead of the "rules -based international order" called by the US government，That is a hegemony system based on sovereignty -based inequality。To some extent，This is exactly the same as that of the Catholic Church that it has "universal sovereignty" in all ethnic groups。

Under the framework of power balance，International Law plays a role that promotes mutual restrictions from various countries，The existence of hegemony will lead to new game rules to eliminate restrictions on hegemony。Under the rule of the monocial era and Western collective hegemony，The world is artificially divided into a free -democratic country with completely sovereignty and an autocratic country with limited sovereignty。Regardless of this democratic propaganda、How much meaning is behind humanitarian intervention and the global anti -terrorism war，They all exist in common: the bet365 best casino games highest sovereignty of Western free and democratic countries and limited sovereignty in other countries。Free democracy has become a new indicator for civilized countries to obtain complete sovereignty，and the West can once again practice the new "Civilization Mission"，that is, the re -creation of the "Garden Jungle Theory" to show its superiority。

1999，NATO invaded Yugoslavia violated the International Law and the United Nations Charter。But，Someone argued that the war was illegal but reasonable。This superb powder decoration method undoubtedly splits legality and rationality，regard free democracy and human rights as a valid legal basis。Obviously，Only the United States and its allies have this privilege，Freshy values ​​as the rationality basis for illegality。Liberty values ​​therefore become an exception clause of the United States and its allies in international law。Since then，Someone is eager to institimate the terms of the special case to legalize the freedom hegemony。They began to discuss the establishment of the "Alliance of Democracies Foundation, AOD) to replace the legitimate authority of the United Nations。After that，This proposal has，The Alliance "uses the veto power of the Security Council to prevent the free country from keeping the goal of the United Nations Charter，You can approve the use of force "。The US Republican presidential candidate John McCain proposed，If he is elected president，The League of Democracies will be established，Therefore, let Western democratic countries feel less constraints under the leadership。

The decoupling of legitimacy and rationality ultimately leads to the emergence of "rules -based international order"，This international order is based on sovereign inequality，Want to replace international law based on sovereign equality。"Rule -based international order" claims that it has added democratic values ​​and humanitarian laws on the basis of international law，But it is actually a tool that promotes the legalization of hegemony。When the principles of contradictory such as "territorial integrity" and "self -determination" appear at the same time，The "rule" adhering to this international order is always power interests。On the issue of Kosovo，The United States tends to support "self -determination"; and on the Crimean issue，The United States adheres to the principle of "territorial integrity"。

After the Cold War is over，The United States has two major ideological genres on the new world: the "historical end conclusion" of Francis Fukuyama and the "civilized conflict theory" of Samuel Huntington。Fushan Forecast，The world will be unified under the leadership of the United States and freedom and democratic values。Bet365 app download This American and peaceful vision is destined to fail。1963，The then US President John Kennedy said: "What kind of peace do I mean? What kind of peace do we seek?，It is not a grave -like peace or slave security。"The failure of American peace is foreseeable，Its failure makes the US government determine that it is necessary to defeat competitors，Therefore，People set their sights on Huntington’s "Civilized Conflict theory"。

　　Build a better world order 

"Rise of other countries" brings a multi -pole power balance on the basis of sovereign equality。To ensure that the new power balance is benign，China seems to be regulating the inability to segmented security between the country，and think that unless other countries in the international system enjoy security，Otherwise, no country is really safe。China supports multi -pole power distribution and civilization diversity，Show its determination to restore the world order based on the Westpilla system。other，China does not construct European order，but a peaceful and fair world order。

To a certain extent，China borrowed the three pillar systems of the United States in the early 19th century，The United States developed a manufacturing base at that time、Traffic Infrastructure and State Bank，It is used to fight against Britain's economic hegemony and the invasive political forces that come with。Similarly，China has developed the leading technical ecosystem，Promoting the decentralization of international economic infrastructure，launched an admirable "Belt and Road" initiative，and developed a new financial tool。

Naturally，A "dependence balance" appeared，It reproduces the logic of the balance of geopolitical power。The characteristics of all economically dependent partnerships have asymmetric characteristics，Usually one party rely more on the other party。In the asymmetrical interdependence partnership，More powerful and dependent on the bilateral relationship can transform economic dependence into political power。More dependence on the other party's party usually tries to restore the balance of dependence，Methods include the diversity of enhancement of strategic autonomy and economic partnership。Therefore，The international system is moving towards a natural balanced state，Under this equilibrium state，No country can impose improper political influence on other countries。

China does not show the intention of hegemony，Nor did I try to obstruct diversity and polarization。A typical example is，Russia's efforts to enhance economic cooperation in Eurasia have not been opposed by China，This enhances Russia's confidence in the economic leadership of the region in the region。bet365 best casino games This is completely different from the US hegemony mode，Comparison of comparison，The United States tries to let Russia and Germany、China、India、Türkiye、Iran and other economic partners decoupled。

China avoids allowing other countries to choose between "us" and "them"，I am also unwilling to join the formal military alliance that develops international security zeroism。The two major platforms of the BRICS and Shanghai Cooperation Organization are also seeking the joint security of the world and member states，instead of security relative to non -member states。This is very clear，For example, these two organizations extend their membership qualifications to competitors such as India。Global Development initiative and global security initiative are also creating a new platform for global economic and security cooperation。

　　Global civilization initiative is of great significance 

China's recently launched global civilization initiative further supports multi -pole power distribution。Chinese President Xi Jinping called on civilization diversity.，This move supports sovereignty equality，The concept of "universalism" that will interfere with the rationalization of the internal affairs。President Xi Jinping made a discussion of anti -hegemony when advocating the uniqueness of civilization: "One flower is not spring，Baihua Qi Qi Spring Full Garden。"" Respect the diversity of world civilization，Civilized exchanges surpass civilized barriers、Civilized mutual learning beyond civilization conflict、Civilization coexistence beyond the superiority of civilization。”

President Xi Jinping's vision of building a benign sovereign and peace also reflects the opposition to zero -sum game，He emphasized that security is essentially inseparable in nature: "Human beings are a glory、Destiny community of a damage。Any country pursues modernization，You should adhere to the unity combination、The concept of common development，Take the road of sharing and win -win sharing in co -construction。"18th -century German philosopher John Gotfred Von Helde Profile，Without depreciation of other countries or claiming cultural superiority，Maintaining national uniqueness can increase international diversity and strength。Put it to the current era，It can be understood as concepts such as "conflict between civilization" and "superiority of civilization"。

Just as biological diversity，Diversity of civilization makes the world more capable of responding to impact and crisis。Cradle Ancient Greece in Western Civilization，People recognize that "universalism" and consistency weaken the vitality and toughness defined by Greek thought。The benign cooperation and competition between each Greek city -state bet365 Play online games is the source of diversified thoughts and vitality，It is these thoughts and vitality that brings Greek civilization progress。The political system incorporated into other countries means losing philosophy、Diversity of wisdom and leadership，Opportunities for Turbal Test and Progress。

World order not only requires multi -pole distribution of economic power，It also needs to respect civilization diversity，To ensure that the principle of inseparable safety is maintained。For this，The international order should resist those friendly "universal values" and the civilization and superiority of the development mode。From this perspective，The United States trying to divide the world into democracy and autocracy can be regarded as a means of hegemony and sovereignty，instead of the common progress of coexistence with humans。Therefore，President Xi Jinping pointed out，China "Do not impose its own values ​​and modes to people"。The new "world order" is expected to become the first world order for the world，Because it incorporates non -Western countries into the list of sovereign equal countries，This is the basis for achieving equality under the framework of international law。

　(The author is a professor at Southeast University of Norway)