Historical materials and historiography are the foundation and necessary conditions for the study of Buddhist history。Simply divide by region，"Buddhist historical materials of the Republic of bet365 promo codes" can be divided into those collected "within" and "outside" of mainland bet365 promo codes。For newspapers and periodicals contained in the domain、Geographical Records、Historical materials such as archives，There have been many research results in the academic community。For example, the "Integrated Buddhist Periodical Documents of the Republic of bet365 promo codes" series edited by Huang Xiannian，He Jianming’s compilation of Buddhist historical materials and Buddhist temple records in local chronicles，Production of modern Chinese newspaper and magazine databases by major libraries，Selected archives of the Republic of bet365 promo codes compiled and published by archives at all levels，They are all models。But it is stored in various libraries outside the territory in a multilingual manner、Archives、Buddhist historical materials of the Republic of bet365 promo codes from private collections，No system yet、Batch、Comprehensive excavation and arrangement。In other words，Experts in fields related to Buddhist history are relatively familiar with historical materials in mainland bet365 promo codes，Insufficient attention to foreign historical materials and lack of application。

　Looking at the Buddhist literature of the Republic of bet365 promo codes from the perspective of historical materials and historiography

From the perspective of historical data，The study of Buddhism in the Republic of bet365 promo codes is subordinate to the disciplines of modern Chinese history and religious history。In terms of modern Chinese history，This discipline already has a fairly mature historical data foundation，But all works under the title of "Historical Materials of Modern Chinese History"，Both lack the category "religion" or "Buddhism"。Like Cao Tianzhong in Chen Gonglu、Zhang Xianwen、Ho Tung、Chen Mingming、Zhang Yufa、Yan Changhong、Based on the work of Zhang Zhuhong and other seniors，Written as "Historical Materials of Modern Chinese History" (Beijing: Higher Education Press，2016），Summary of various forms of historical materials in modern history、Collection、Search methods, etc.，The specific content is mostly political、Economy、Diplomacy、War、Party、Political figure、Mainly major events，The status of religious historical materials is ignored。In the field of religious history，The more influential historical materials such as "Buddhist Historical Materials" by Lan Jifu (Taipei: Dongda Books，1997) and Kazuo Okabe、Tanaka Yoshiaki co-authored "Introduction to the Study of Chinese Buddhism" (Tokyo: Dizang Publishing House，2006），The former only covers before the Qing Dynasty，Does not involve modern times，The latter still uses a sectarian framework to describe basic historical materials and advanced research，Little exposure to modern times。These all explain，Research on Buddhism in the Republic of bet365 promo codes still lacks awareness of historical materials。

In terms of historical data，Many large-scale document compilations have been published since the Republic of bet365 promo codes。Among them，A representative example is "Republic of bet365 promo codes Jingshi Wenbian"，It separates out the "religious category"；But in the later period, such as "Republic of bet365 promo codes Literature Series", "Republic of bet365 promo codes Historical Materials Series", "Chinese Modern Historical Materials Series", etc.，Only a very small amount of content related to Buddhism，Does not list "religion" separately。A large series of books that lists Buddhist contents independently，Currently there is only the "Republic of bet365 promo codes Literature Series"，This series is divided into more than thirty topics，The only special topic on Buddhism is "Compilation of Buddhist Materials during the Republic of bet365 promo codes" compiled by Tian Qi (Beijing: National Library Press，2010）。But the information collected by Tian Qi is sparse and miscellaneous，Not systematic，The overall quality is not as good as the "Collection of Buddhist Journals and Documents of the Republic of bet365 promo codes" series edited by Huang Xiannian (209 volumes of "Collection of Buddhist Journals and Documents of the Republic of bet365 promo codes"，Beijing: National Library Microfilm Center，2006；"Supplement" 86 volumes，Beijing: bet365 promo codes Bookstore，2008；35 volumes of "Three Parts"，Beijing: bet365 promo codes Bookstore，2013；"Compilation of Rare Buddhist Documents of the Republic of bet365 promo codes (Newspaper)" 12 volumes，Beijing: bet365 promo codes Bookstore，2008）。In addition，There is also "Collection of Esoteric Periodical Documents of the Republic of bet365 promo codes" compiled by the Buddhist and Religious Theory Research Office of Renmin University of bet365 promo codes (42 volumes，Beijing: Oriental Publishing House，2008）。None of the above achievements have paid attention to it or have not yet had the conditions to utilize the documents stored outside the region，Therefore, the phenomenon of left-beads appears。

From Holmes Welch, Harvard University，1921-1981) in Hong Kong and Taiwan in the 1950s、Investigation launched in Southeast Asia and other places，Since actively collecting oral history documents and newspapers and magazines，Extra-territorial Tibetan Buddhist literature of the Republic of bet365 promo codes has been brought into the perspective of researchers。The following is a brief description of its application value、Resource clues and latest research results。

　Utilization of bet365 promo codes and documents stored outside the territory

Let’s take the file as an example。Domestic researchers in related fields have noticed the utilization value of government archives at all levels of the Republic of bet365 promo codes collected in the Nanjing Second Historical Archives，Representative achievements such as "Compilation of Archives and Materials on the History of the Republic of bet365 promo codes", "A Series of Archives and Materials on the History of the Republic of bet365 promo codes", etc.。Although the compiler did not list religion separately in the data classification，But politics、Culture、Education、There are still a large number of religions in categories such as diplomacy、Buddhism-related content，Worth making good use of it。For example, Gong Jun and Lai Yueshan sorted out the mixed "Master Taixu Archives" ("Chinese Buddhist Commentary (Fourth Series)"，Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House，2014），Provides precious "new historical materials" for the study of Buddhism in the Republic of bet365 promo codes。But，The historical materials collected in the second file are incomplete。For this，Ji Yun compiled archival materials related to Buddhism in the Republic of bet365 promo codes collected in Taiwan from 2018 to 2019，Master Taixu and the National Government、Files on Chiang Kai-shek's exchanges ("Daxi Files" is the "Secret Files Between the Two Chiang Kai-sheks"，Decrypted in January 2018)；He Yansheng compiled the diplomatic archives of the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Buddhist archives of the Republic of bet365 promo codes collected in some private archives；Li Xuetao consulted the collections of the Archives of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences in Germany and other places，Also collected and compiled some important information。The above research makes up for the lack of information compiled by Gong Jun and Lai Yueshan，Reveals some important aspects of the relationship between politics and religion during the Republic of bet365 promo codes，Resolved some difficult issues，The results were published in "Peking University Buddhism" (the first and second series)，Beijing: Social Science Literature Press，2018；2019）。In addition，There are also overseas archives in many countries and places where Buddhist materials of the Republic of bet365 promo codes can be discovered。Just take South Asia as an example，If India has "Records of British India Government" (Records of British India Government,1858—1947）、National Archives of India holds "Records of Ministry of External Affairs" (Records of Ministry of External Affairs), 1937—1947），West Bengal State Archives、The archives and documents at Nehru Memorial Museum and Library and other places are also worthy of attention。

Another example is the monks during the Republic of bet365 promo codes、Layers and politicians、Chronology of essays by figures related to academia and Buddhism。Due to various reasons，The historical materials compiled in the early stage are like Taixu、Yuan Ying、Hongyi、Xuyun、Tanxu、There are still many omissions in the collection or chronology of Yin Guang and others。According to He Yansheng、Sakaida Yukiko、Research by Shao Jiade and other scholars，Meixiao Mizuno in Japan、There are still many materials in public and private collections represented by Fujii Sonobu and others that can be supplemented。Another example is that local chronicles and inscription materials from outside the region have not received the attention of domestic researchers，But scholars from outside the region have already systematically organized it。Ru Chen Jinghe、Collection of Chinese Inscriptions in Singapore compiled by Chen Yusong (Hong Kong: Chinese University Press，1971）；Wolfgang Franke、Chinese Epigraphic Materials in Malaysia compiled by Chen Tieh Fan，Kuala Lumpur: University of Malaya Press，1982—1987）；Fu Wukang、Chinese Epigraphic Materials in Indonesia compiled by Claudine Salmon，Singapore: Nanyang Society，1988—1997）；Fu Wukang、"Compilation of Thai Chinese Inscriptions" compiled by Liu Lifang (Taipei: Xinwenfeng Publishing Company，1998）；"Years of Chinese Steles in Singapore and Malaysia (A Brief Chronicle)" edited by Jao Tsung-I (Singapore: Chinese Society of the University of Singapore，1969）；Ding Hesheng、"Collection of Chinese Inscriptions in Singapore: 1819-1911 (Two Volumes)" compiled by Xu Yuantai (Singapore: National University of Singapore Press，2017) etc.，The historical materials related to Buddhism are worth exploring and utilizing。

　　The latest results of research on Tibetan bet365 promo codes and periodicals outside the region

The newspapers and periodicals inside and outside the church published during the Republic of bet365 promo codes are a rich mine of Buddhist historical materials in the Republic of bet365 promo codes。The Republic of bet365 promo codes was an era of fierce collision between local culture and foreign culture in Chinese history，Also a new thing、An era in which new ideas continue to arouse people's nerves。Modern newspapers as a new thing from the West，It has an inseparable relationship with religion from the beginning。According to research，The first publication in bet365 promo codes was the "Cha Secular Monthly Tongji Zhuan" founded by British missionaries in 1815。In this context，Buddhist newspapers and periodicals are also springing up like mushrooms after a rain。Their influence on the politics of the time、It has had a wide impact on society and the people。We only need to browse the names of these newspaper authors，You can find that it widely covers elites in various fields during the Republic of bet365 promo codes，This is evident。In addition to various newspapers and periodicals sponsored by the Buddhist community，Secular newspapers such as Shenbao also have content related to Buddhism，Worth attention。

At present, there are "National Library of the Republic of bet365 promo codes Periodical Database", "Chinese Modern Thought Database", "Chinese History Database", "Dacheng Old Periodicals Database", "National Newspaper and Periodical Index Database", "Declaration Full Text Database", "Late Qing and Republic of bet365 promo codes Newspaper Database" Databases such as "Republic of bet365 promo codes Periodicals Full-text Database (1911-1949)" and "Modern Chinese Newspapers and Periodicals Database" can be easily used，But unfortunately these databases do not cover the outside part。For example, the Australian "Guangyi Hua Bao" (1895-1923) collected by the Chinese Library of the National University of Singapore、Malaysian "Penang News" (1895-1941)、"Guanghua Daily" (1927-)、A large number of materials such as the American "Chinese and Western Daily" (1900-1905) have yet to be utilized，I will not list them one by one。

"Rare Buddhist Documents of the Republic of bet365 promo codes from Joenji Temple in Aichi Prefecture, Japan" published in 2023 (15 volumes)，Beijing: bet365 promo codes Bookstore，2023) Selected dozens of materials collected by Jōyuanji Temple，These materials are not found in several previously published collections of Buddhist literature in the Republic of bet365 promo codes，An example of using overseas collections to collect and organize Buddhist literature in the Republic of bet365 promo codes。Fujii Shizuki (1896-1971), the abbot of Jōenji Temple, was an important figure active in the Buddhist circles in bet365 promo codes and Japan during the Republic of bet365 promo codes，Focus on the dynamics of Chinese Buddhism throughout my life，Long-term relationships with many important figures in Chinese Buddhist circles，Spare no effort to collect newspapers and periodicals related to Chinese Buddhism、Works。Most of these materials were purchased by him，Some of them are gifts from Chinese friends、Obtained in exchange。His diary and some letters have vivid descriptions of this。According to research by Japanese scholars such as Sakaida Yukiko，Fujii’s collection of more than 120 kinds of Buddhist newspapers and periodicals from the Republic of bet365 promo codes、more than 3000 volumes，Not just a lot，The quality is also very high。In addition，Important historical materials preserved by the Fujii family include letters exchanged between Fujii Shizuki and Buddhist figures in the Republic of bet365 promo codes，Photos taken by Fujii and others，Japanese newspapers and periodicals related to Chinese Buddhism published in Japan during the same period。This batch of information is relatively systematic、Complete，Some of these rare materials can make up for the gaps in domestic collections，Overall, it can also allow us to understand the history of the exchanges between the Japanese Buddhist community represented by Fujii and the Chinese Buddhist community、The Japanese Buddhist community’s concerns about Chinese Buddhism in the same period, etc.。In addition to photocopied compilations of original documents，The preliminary screening and sorting of original data is also very important。Take the "Compilation of New Documents Published by Master Taixu·Compilation of Newspapers and Periodicals of the Republic of bet365 promo codes" as an example，Buddhist materials preserved in Shenbao and Singapore’s Nanyang Siang Pau were compiled，Made a preliminary attempt on this。

Database aspects，In addition to the domestically developed ones listed above，There is also the CIA’s declassified Chinese archives full-text retrieval database、National modern newspaper full-text search database、Full-text database of newspapers in California, USA、Full-text search database of modern European newspapers、Full-text database of modern Chinese journals of the University of Heidelberg, Germany、Full-text search database of modern Chinese newspapers in Canada、Full-text search database of modern newspapers and periodicals at the Municipal Library of Lyon, France、Full-text search database of modern Korean newspapers、Full-text image library of public and private documents and judicial documents from the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of bet365 promo codes collected by Kyoto University, Japan、Modern Japanese overseas newspapers full-text search database、The National Library of Singapore’s full-text image database of modern materials is available。These databases contain a lot of content related to Buddhism in the Republic of bet365 promo codes，Shows Chinese Buddhism from Japan and South Korea、The process of Southeast Asia moving toward Europe and the United States and even gradual globalization，Reflects the exchange of Buddhism in the religious world、Interaction，Overseas immigration and folk customs and cultural influence，The important role played in participating in the non-governmental diplomacy of the National Government。

Listed above，It’s just the tip of the iceberg，More comprehensive and systematic collection of historical materials、Collation and research work has yet to be carried out。Today，Research on the History of Buddhism in the Republic of bet365 promo codes，We still have to keep returning to historical data excavation、Basic work on sorting and compilation，This is determined by the particularity of the subject。The difference between the study of modern history and the study of ancient history is，Most of the core materials of ancient history have been systematically compiled by predecessors，Unearthed documents can make up for the lack of handed down documents；The vast majority of historical materials in modern history are still generated naturally and have not been discovered、Organization status。Therefore，The historical materials and historical research on Buddhism in the Republic of bet365 promo codes are far from reaching maturity，From another perspective, it can also be said to be an emerging academic growth point。Many achievements have been made in related work on historical materials in the region，“Outside the Territory” is still a treasure，To be further explored。

　(This article is part of the National Social Science Fund’s major project “Excavation of Multilingual Tibetan Buddhist Documents of the Republic of bet365 promo codes、Organization and research” (21&2D251) phased results)

(The author is a professor of Religious Studies, Department of Philosophy, Peking bet365 promo codes)