History and historical materials are the foundation and necessary conditions of Buddhist historical research。Simply divide from the region，"The Historical Materials of the Republic of China" can be divided into "inside" and "external"。For newspapers in the domain、Di Zhi、Archives and other types of historical materials，There are many research results in the academic community。Ruhuang Xiaonian's "Integration of Buddhist Journal Documents of the Republic of China" series，He Jianming's sorting of Buddhist historical materials and Buddhist temples in the local minds，The production of major libraries to the production of modern Chinese newspapers and magazines，The selection and editing of the Republic of China archives compiled and published by archives at all levels，All models。But scattered in various libraries outside the domain、Archives、Republic of Buddhist historical materials of the Republic of China in private collections，No system is still seen at present、Bad、Comprehensive excavation and sorting。That is to say，Experts in the fields of Buddhist history are more familiar with the historical materials of mainland China，Insufficient attention to historical materials outside the domain and lack of applications。

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From the perspective of historical materials，The Research on Buddhism of the Republic of China belongs to the discipline of modern Chinese history and religious history。As far as modern Chinese history is concerned，This discipline already has a fairly mature historical foundation，But all the works in the name "Chinese Modern History Science"，Lack of the classification of "religion" or "Buddhism"。As Cao Tianzhong in Chen Gonglu、Zhang Xianwen、He Dong、Chen clearly、Zhang Yufa、Yan Changhong、Zhang Shuhong and other predecessors，Write as "Chinese Modern History Materials" (Beijing: Higher Education Press，2016），Summary of various forms of modern historical materials、Collection、Finding method, etc.，Specific content is mostly politics、Economy、Diplomacy、War、Party School、Political figures、major events，Religious historical materials are ignored。As far as the Bet365 app download history of religious history is concerned，The more influential historical works such as Lan Ji rich "Buddhist Historical Materials" (Taipei: Dongda Book，1997) and Okabe and Xiong、Tanaka Liangzhao Comes up with "Introduction to Chinese Buddhism Research" (Tokyo: Daizang Publishing，2006），The former only mentioned before the Qing Dynasty，No modern，The latter still describes basic historical materials and advance research with the sectarian framework，Less about modern involvement。These are all description，The study of Buddhism in the Republic of China still lacks the consciousness of historical materials。

For historical materials，Many large -scale literature compilations have been published since the Republic of China。Where，quite representative such as "Editorial of the Republic of China"，It is divided into "religious categories";，Only a small amount of content is related to Buddhism，Not only "religious categories"。Large series of books independently lists Buddhist content，At present, there is only "Republic of China Literature Information Cong"，The cluster has a total of more than 30 categories of topics，The topic of Buddhism is only "Compilation of Buddhist Data Data during the Republic of China" (Beijing: National Library Press，2010）。Danqi's funds received less and miscellaneous，No system，The overall quality is not as good as the "Integration of Buddhist Periodical Literature of the Republic of China" series edited by Huang Xianian ("Integration of Buddhist Periodical Literature of the Republic of China"，Beijing: The National Library Type Literature Center，2006;，Beijing: China Bookstore，2008; "Three Edits" 35 volumes，Beijing: China Bookstore，2013; "Compilation of Buddhist Documents of the Republic of China (Newspaper)" 12 volumes，Beijing: China Bookstore，2008）。other，And Renmin University of China Buddhism and Religious theory Research Office edited "Integration of Literature of Tantrics of the Republic of China" (42 volumes，Beijing: Oriental Publishing House，2008）。The above results have failed to pay attention to or have not yet been conditionally used in the Tibetan literature，Therefore, the phenomenon of the beads appears。

Holmes Welch，1921-1981) In the 1950s, in Hong Kong and Taiwan、Southern Asia and other places launched a survey，Actively collect oral historical documents and newspapers and magazines，Buddhist literature of the Republic of China in the Domain has been included in the field of vision of researchers。The following briefly describes its application bet365 best casino games value、Resource clues and latest research results。

　Utilization of the archives of the domain collection

Take the file as an example。Researchers in related fields in China have noticed the use value of government archives at all levels of the Republic of China in Nanjing，Representative results such as "Compilation of the History of the Republic of China" and "The Standard of the History of the Republic of China"。Although the editors do not have a single religion in the data classification，But politics、Culture、Education、Diplomacy and other categories still store a large number of religions、Buddhism -related content，It is worthy of good use。For example, Gong Yan and Lai Yueshan organized the "Master Taixu Archives" mixed in it ("Chinese Buddhist Review (Fourth Series)"，Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House，2014），Provided precious "new historical materials" for the Republic of China Buddhist research。but，History hidden in the second gear is not complete。For this，Ji Yan compiled the archives related to Buddhism related to the Republic of China from 2018 to 2019，Ru Tai Xu and the National Government、Archives of Chiang Kai -shek ("Daxi Archives", that is, "Two Chiang Chiang Trends"，Decryption in January 2018); He Yansheng compiled the Republic of China Buddhist archives collected by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan and some private archives;，Also collected some important information。The above studies make up for the shortcomings of the information compiled by Gong Jian and Lai Yueshan，revealing some important aspects of political and religious relations during the Republic of China，Solved some difficult problems，The results are published in "Peking University Buddhism" (the first and second series，Beijing: Social Science Literature Publishing House，2018; 2019)。other，There are also out -of -the -China archives in many countries and places to discover the Buddhist information of the Republic of China。Only South Asia as an example，If India has the "British Indian Government Archives" (Records of British India Government,1858-1947)、The National Archives of India Hidden "Records of Ministry of External Affairs, 1937-1947)，West Bengal State Archives、archives and materials in the Nehru Memorial Museum and Library and other places are also worthy of attention。

As a monk during the Republic of China、Ju Shi and politics、Achievement Chronicles of the Academic and Buddhist -related characters。For various reasons，Early compilation historical materials are too vain、Yuanying、Hongyi、Bet365 lotto review Xuyun、倓 倓、The collection or chronology of Yinguang and others still has a lot of omissions。According to He Yansheng、Sakai Tianxi、Studies by scholars such as Shao Jialude，Mei Hyo, Mizuno, Japan、Fujii Takashi and others, there are still many information in public and private collections represented by people.。As if Fang Zhi and inscription materials outside the domain are not valued by domestic researchers，But scholars outside the domain already have systematic finishing。such as Chen Jinghe、Chen Yusong edited "Singapore Chinese Monument Collection" (Hong Kong: Chinese University Press，1971); Wolfgang Franke、Chen Tieh Fan (CHEN TIEH FAN) edited "Chinese Epigraphic Materials in Malaysia，Kuala Lumpur: The University of Malaya University Press，1982-1987); Fu Wukang、Claudine Salmon edited "Chinese Resessing Materials in Indonesia，Singapore: Nanyang Society，1988-1997); Fu Wukang、Liu Lifang edited "Compilation of Thailand's Chinese Innocence" (Taipei: Xinwenfeng Publishing Company，1998); Rao Zongyi edited the "Star Horse Chinese Monument Carrving the Year (Ji Lue)" (Singapore: The University of Singapore: Chinese Society，1969); Ding He Sheng、Xu Yuantai edited "Singapore Chinese Mark Research: 1819-1911 (two volumes)" (Singapore: Singapore National University Press，2017), etc.，Among them, historical materials related to Buddhism are worth excavation and use。

　　The latest achievements in the study of the literature on the territory outer Tibetan newspapers

The internal and external newspapers published by the Republic of China during the Republic of China are the rich ore for the history of Buddhism in the Republic of China。The Republic of China is an era when the local culture and foreign culture in Chinese history collide fiercely，It is also a new thing、New ideas are constantly provoking the era of people's nerves。Modern newspapers and periodicals as new things passed from the West，There is an inseparable relationship with religion from the beginning。According to research，The first publication in China is "Examination of the World Monthly Monthly Summary Biography" founded by British missionaries in 1815。In this background，Buddhist newspapers have sprung up like the rain。Their politics at that time、Both society and the public have a wide range of influence。We just have to browse the names of these newspapers and periodical author，You can find it widely covered the elite in various fields during the Republic bet365 live casino games of China，From this, it can be seen。In addition to various newspapers and magazines sponsored by the Buddhist community，World Newspaper, such as "Declaration", and Buddhism -related content，worth paying attention。

At present, there are "National Library Periodical Database", "Chinese Modern Ideological Database", "Chinese History Library", "Database Database Database", "National Newspaper Index Database", "Application Full -text Database" "The full -text database of the period of the period of the Republic of China (1911-1949)", "China Modern Newspaper Library" and other databases can be easily used，But unfortunately these databases have not covered the outside part of the domain。For example, the Australian "Guangyihua News" collected by the Chinese Library of Singapore (1895-1923)、Malaysia "Penang New News" (1895-1941)、"Guanghua Daily" (1927-)、A large amount of information such as the United States "China and the West Daily" (1900-1905) is still to be used，No one one by one。

"Documents of Buddhist Documents in the Republic of China Tibetan Temple in Jingyuan Temple in Aichi Prefecture, Japan" (15 volumes，Beijing: China Bookstore，2023) Chosen dozens of information hidden in Jingyuan Temple，These materials are not found in several previously published Buddhist literature materials sets of the Republic of China，It belongs to an example of the use of outside domain collections to collect and sort out the Buddhist literature of the Republic of China。Jingyuan Temple Resident Fujii Shojie (1896-1971) is an important figure active in the Buddhist community of China and Japan during the Republic of China，Following the dynamics of Chinese Buddhism in my life，Many important people in the Chinese Buddhist community have long -term communication，Snow spare no effort to collect newspapers and periodicals related to Chinese Buddhism、Works。Most of these materials are bought by himself，Some of them are given by Chinese friends、Exchanges。His diary and some letters have a vivid description of this。According to Japanese scholars and other Japanese scholars such as Sakai Tianxi，More than 120 kinds of Buddhist newspapers in the Republic of China collected by Fujii、More than 3000 volumes，Not only the number is more，The quality is also very high。In addition，The important historical materials preserved by the Fujii family include a letter from Fujii Shojie and the Buddhist circles of the Republic of China，Photos taken by Fujii himself and others，Japanese newspapers related to Chinese Buddhism in Japan。bet365 Play online games The relative system、Full，Some of these rare information can make up for the missed domestic collection，On the whole, we can also let us understand the history of the Japanese Buddhist community and the Chinese Buddhist community represented by Fujii、The Japanese Buddhist focus on Chinese Buddhism in the same period。In addition to the photo compilation of the original literature，Preliminary screening and finishing of original materials is also important。Take "Master Taixu's New Literature Collection Record · Republic of China Newspaper" as an example，The Buddhist information of the Buddhist information stored in the Declaration and Singapore's Nanyang Commercial Daily can be compiled and sorted out，I made a preliminary attempt。

Database aspect，Except for the domestic development listed above，And the US Central Intelligence Agency decrypted the full text of the Chinese archives to retrieve the database、The full text of the United States Modern News Retrieval Database、Full -text database of newspapers in California, USA、Full text of European Modern Newspaper Search Database、Full text database of modern Chinese journal at the University of Heidelberg, Germany、Canadian Modern Chinese Newspaper Full Text Rest Database、Full text retrieval database of Modern Newspapers in Lyon Library, France、Full text of Korean modern newspaper search database、The full text of the Public and Private documents of the Republic of China and the full text of the Judicial documents of the Republic of China in Kyoto University in Kyoto, Japan、Modern Japanese Overseas Newspaper Full Text Retrieval Database、Singapore National Library Modern Data Full Text Image Library and other funds。These databases contain a lot of content related to Buddhism in the Republic of China，Showing Chinese Buddhism from Japan and South Korea、The process of Southeast Asia to Europe and the United States and even gradually globalization，Reflected the communication between Buddhism in the religious world、Communication，Overseas immigration and folk customs and cultural influence，An important role played by participating in the national government's folk diplomacy。

listed above，It's just the corner of the iceberg，More comprehensive and systematic historical materials collection、The work of finishing and research is yet to be expanded。to this day，Research on the history of Buddhism in the Republic of China，Still keep back to historical data excavation、In the basic work of sorting and assembling，This is determined by the particularity bet365 best casino games of the discipline。The difference between the study of modern history and ancient history is，The core materials of ancient history have been sorted by the predecessor's system，The unearthed literature can make up for the lack of handed down literature; most of the historical materials of modern history are still naturally generated without excavation、State of sorting。Therefore，The historical materials and historical materials of Buddhism in the Republic of China are far from mature，From another perspective, it can also be said to be an academic growth point formed。The related work of historical materials in the domain has been released，"Outside" is still a treasure，To further excavate。

　(This article is the major project of the National Social Science Foundation "Excavation of the Buddhist literature group of the Republic of China in the Republic of China、Economy "(21&2d251) Pharmaceutical results)

(The author is a professor at the Department of religious in the Department of Philosophy of Peking University)