The problem of free bet365 offers，Prominent due to the defense of Christian theodicy，At the same time, it also caused heated debates within Christian thought。Early centuries AD，In order to prevent the all-good God from taking responsibility for the evil in the world，Origan、Gregory of Nice、Ireneu、Christian thinkers such as Tertullian have proposed that human evil originates from free bet365 offers，Therefore, people should bear responsibility for their own evil。This understanding reached its peak in Augustine, the master of patristic philosophy, through a series of works such as "On Free bet365 offers"。In Augustine’s opinion，Man is created by God in His own image，Including human free bet365 offers。Adam did not necessarily sin，But he actually sinned because of his free bet365 offers choice to disobey God’s prohibition。Adam’s sin not only destroyed the relationship between God and man，And corrupts free bet365 offers，Although Adam’s descendants have free bet365 offers，But he bet365 offers only choose evil instead of good。

　　Christian Thinkers on the Debate over Free bet365 offers

Augustine’s understanding of free bet365 offers and the theory of original sin that developed from it made the English monk Pelagius greatly worried，Because it means that no one’s sin is surprising。In a work also titled "On Free bet365 offers"，Pelagius firmly opposed the theory of original sin，Thinking that Adam’s sin belongs only to himself，Does not belong to the human race as a whole。Of course，Pelagius, like Augustine, recognized the universality of sin，“I didn’t say that，We have never seen anyone start from birth，Until old age，No crime”。However，This universality of sin is a fait accompli universality，It does not deny the theoretical possibility of its opposite。Pelagius also recognized divine grace，But he believes that the meaning of divine grace is not to make people change their evil ways and become good，It is about giving people law and conscience。Therefore，Any baptized Christian，As long as you follow your conscience，You can embark on the road to good。

Views on Pelagius，Augustine made sharp rebuttals in his works such as "Grace and Free bet365 offers"。He emphasized again，Original sin has completely corrupted mankind，Lost the freedom to choose good。Must be God through grace，Give people confidence，Otherwise one can never do anything good。And，Grace is not something people can earn by their own actions，But free grace，Its arrival is also irresistible。From faith to behavior，Everything a person does on the road to good is the function of divine grace，Augustine’s view is called “theory of divine grace”。In order to attack the enemy，Augustine even used his trump card: if anyone can survive supernatural grace，Ability to do good by one’s own nature and free bet365 offers，Christ died in vain。As a Christian，Of course Pelagius could not admit that Christ died in vain，So he lost the argument。The church finally declared Pelagius’s ideas as heresy。Augustine’s victory makes free bet365 offers only do evil but not good，Free bet365 offers to become lame。This is tantamount to canceling people’s initiative on issues of good and evil，Turn ethics completely towards theology，Obviously not conducive to moral teaching。Therefore，In Christian thought during the long Middle Ages，There is always a so-called "semi-Pelagianism" popular，The main point is: grace is essential，But only humans decide and strive to cooperate with grace，Salvation can happen。This view was later called the "theory of cooperation between gods and humans"。

Entering the Renaissance and Reformation era，With the rise of humanism that emphasizes human dignity，The issue of free bet365 offers has once again become the focus of attention，And a fierce dispute broke out between the humanist Erasmus and the religious reformer Luther。Erasmus pointed out in "On Free bet365 offers"，Although the human bet365 offers after the fall tends to evil due to falling into original sin，But it has not been completely destroyed yet，But it retains the possibility of doing good。By the grace of God，The free decision-making ability of the bet365 offers bet365 offers be restored，People can change evil and become good，Finally saved。In Luther’s opinion，Erasmus’ understanding of free bet365 offers exalts human moral subjectivity，But it weakens the necessity of divine grace，Thus falling into Pelagian transgression。He continued the Augustinian tradition in "On the bet365 offers Bound"，Hold high the banner of "By Grace Alone"，Emphasizes that the fallen bet365 offers not only cannot be free in the absence of grace，It is inevitable to be enslaved and bound by evil。This kind of slavery and bondage does not mean that people are restricted and hindered by their intentions to do good，But it shows that people are willing to do evil；Only through divine grace can human hearts be transformed from top to bottom，Only people can embark on the path of changing evil and becoming good。

Looking at Augustine and Pelagius、The debate between Erasmus and Luther，They are all devout Christians，Unanimous in emphasizing the necessity of divine grace。The key is the necessary premise of divine grace，What role can free bet365 offers play in changing people from evil to good。In the opinion of Augustine and Luther，The Fall destroys human free bet365 offers and loses the ability to do good，Only divine grace can give people faith，People do good by faith，Therefore, people’s change from evil to good is entirely an act of divine grace，People just passively obey divine grace。Pelagius and Erasmus believed，The function of divine grace is to grant or restore the free bet365 offers to do good，People can actively participate in changing evil and doing good by their own free bet365 offers。But anyway，God’s grace always comes first。

　　Kant’s completion of free bet365 offers

The free bet365 offers view of religious believers was reversed by Enlightenment thinkers。In Kant in the 18th century，Free bet365 offers has even soared to the status of the "keystone" of the entire critical philosophy system。Kant also believes that evil originates from human free bet365 offers，It is the result of people choosing "self-love" as the code of conduct between "respect for moral laws" and "self-love"。Especially when people choose "self-love" in their initial free exercise, they corrupt their nature，And nature is "to use human freedom generally、The subjective basis that precedes all perceived actions”，Provides all free uses of human experience，Therefore the evil caused in this way is "fundamental evil"。Therefore，Kant also recognizes the universality of evil，“Man is evil by nature”，This sentence applies to the entire species of human beings。In this way，Is it possible for a fundamentally evil person to become good again，And what is the way to be good again，becomes a concern of Kant。The so-called return to kindness，Kant calls it “rebuilding the original endowment for good”，But this does not mean finding something that has been lost。“Because of this motive that lies in respect for the moral law，We bet365 offers never lose。If it bet365 offers be lost，We bet365 offers never be able to regain it。Therefore，This kind of reconstruction，Mere purity that establishes the moral law as the supreme basis for all our maxims。”

Such reconstruction is a revolution in human thought。But，People who have fallen fundamentally，How can we achieve this revolution by ourselves，Automatically become a good person？This is Augustine and Pelagius、The core issue in the dispute between Erasmus and Luther。But these thinkers are limited by their theological stance，Although opinions vary，But they all place their hope in divine grace，This is unacceptable to the Enlightenment thinker Kant，Because this is incompatible with Kant’s moral self-discipline。In Kant’s view，The bet365 offers can only abide by the laws it establishes for itself in moral legislation，This is the "self-discipline" of the bet365 offers；The opposite is the "heteronomy" of bet365 offers。“Autonomy of the bet365 offers is the sole principle of all moral laws and of the obligations consistent with these laws；The opposite，Willful heteronomy not only creates no responsibility at all，Rather, it is contrary to the principle of responsibility and the morality of the bet365 offers。”Changing evil to good through divine grace is essentially a kind of “heteronomy”，Therefore it has no moral significance at all，The good derived in this way is not a true moral good at all。"Suppose that in order to be good or better，Still needs a supernatural assistance，Whether this assistance is simply to reduce obstacles，Still providing active assistance，Everyone must make himself worthy in advance of receiving this kind of help... only then，Goodness can be attributed to Him，Only then can he be regarded as a good person。”But，Besides morality，There is no other way for man to make himself worthy of receiving such assistance。Therefore，Kant can only hope in people’s moral self-discipline，The prerequisite for self-discipline is freedom of bet365 offers。“Freedom is of course the ratio essendi [ground of existence] of the moral law ，But the moral law is a free ratio cognoscendi [cognitive basis] 。For if the moral law had not been clearly conceived in our reason，We would never consider ourselves justified in postulating such a thing as freedom (although freedom is not a contradiction in terms)。But if there is no freedom，There is no moral law to be found within us。”Therefore，Freedom of bet365 offers has become the first of Kant’s three major “postulates” of practical reason。

Kant’s free bet365 offers is not only a subject that can be blamed，Also a subject that can take credit。It is up to oneself to do evil，Doing good is also up to oneself。Free bet365 offers is not only responsible for evil and sin，And can be the source of good。That’s the only way，Augustine’s lame free bet365 offers can be completed，Luther’s bound bet365 offers was liberated，Only then can the value and dignity of human beings as free beings be fully reflected。

　(The author is a professor at the School of bet365 offers, Renmin University of China)