Free will of will，Promoting due to the defense of Christianity theory，At the same time, it also caused fierce debate within Christian thought。Several centuries of AD，In order to prevent the good God offered responsibility for the evil，Oligan、Nice's Guloli、Ilenawu、Christian thinkers and other Christian thinkers such as Delto Liang have proposed that the evil of people originated from the will of freedom，Therefore, people should take their own responsibility for their own evil。This understanding has reached the pinnacle by a series of works such as "On the will of Freedom" in Augustine, the master of the godfather philosophy。From the perspective of Augustine，Man was created by God according to his own image，Among them, including human free will。Adam does not necessarily crime，But because of its free will chose to violate God's ban, it actually committed crime。Adam's crime not only destroys the relationship between God and man，And corrupted free will，Although Adam's descendants have free will，However, you will only choose evil without choosing good。

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Augustine's understanding of the will of freedom and the original sin developed from this make British monk Perra is worried，Because it means that anyone’s crime is not surprising。In a book named "On the Will of Freedom"，Perajian resolutely oppose the original crime theory，Bet365 lotto review I believe that Adam’s sin belongs to himself，Not the whole of humans。Of course，Perajian recognizes the universality of sin like Augustine，"I haven't said，We have seen anyone starting from the ground，until the old age of white hair，No crime "。But，This universality of sin is a universal nature of the factual facts，It does not deny the theoretical possibility of the opposite side。Peraju also acknowledge God，But he believes that the significance of God's grace is not to change people to good，and give people the law and conscience。Therefore，Any washed Christian，Just according to the choice of conscience，can take the road to good。

Perspective for Peraju，Augustine also made sharp refutation in books such as "Grace and Freedom"。He emphasized again，Original sin has completely corrupted humans，Lost freedom of choosing good。Must be God with grace，Give people confidence，Otherwise, people will never be able to do any good deeds。and，Grace is not exchanged for people with their own behavior，but white grace，Its coming is also irresistible。From confidence to behavior，Everything that people are on the road of goodness are the role of God's grace，This view of Augustine is called "God's Extraordinary Work"。To fight against the enemy，Augustine even brought out a killer: If anyone can be outside the supernatural grace，You can do good deeds with your nature and free will，Christ is dead。As a Christian，Of course, Palla can not admit that Christ is dead，So the defeat in the debate。The church finally announced that Peraju's thought Bet365 lotto review is heresy。Victory of Augustine makes freedom will only do evil without doing good，The free will to become lame。This is tantamount to canceling the initiative of people on the issue of good and evil，Ethics completely falls to theology，Obviously not conducive to moral teaching。Therefore，In the long medieval Christian thought，Always popular with a so -called "Ban Pera"，Its main point is: grace is essential，But only human beings decide and work hard to cooperate with grace，Save grace can happen。This view is called "God -Man Cooperation Theory" by later generations。

Enter the era of Renaissance and religious reform，With the rise of humanism that emphasizes human dignity，The issue of free will becomes the focus of attention，and the fierce controversy between humanist Ilasmo and religious reformists。Ilasmo pointed out in "On Free will"，The fell -behind human will, although it is in the original sin, tends to be evil，But it has not been completely destroyed，Instead of retaining the possibility of Xiangxiang。Through God’s grace，The ability of free choice of will will be recovered，People can therefore change evil to good，Finally get rescue。From Luther's view，Ilasmo's understanding of the free will of freedom has high -rise people's morality，but weakened the necessity of God's grace，thus caught in Perra's 僭 僭。He continues the tradition of Augustineism in "On the Binding Will"，Gao Raid the banner of "only grace"，Emphasizing the will not only cannot get freedom when the will not be grace，It will inevitably be slavered and restrained by the evil place。This Bet365 app download kind of slavery and restraint is not manifested by people with heart and goodness and hinders，Instead, it is willing to be willing to do evil; only to transform people's minds from top to bottom，Can people take the road of changing evil and good。

Looking at Augustine and Peraju、Controversy of Ilasmo and Luther，They are all devout Christians，It is consistent with the need to emphasize the need of God's grace。The key is under the necessary premise of God's grace，What role can the free will in the change of evil from people。From the perspective of Augustine and Luther，The degeneration of the free will of people's freedom is destroyed and lost the ability of good，Only God's grace gives people to people，People do good by faith，Therefore, people’s changes to evil are completely the role of God's grace，People are just passively obeyed and obeyed God。Perajian and Ilasmo think，The role of God is to give or repair the free will to be good，People can actively participate in the evil with the will of freedom。But anyway，God's grace is always the first place。

　　Kant's completion of free will

The free will of religious believers is reversed in enlightenment thinkers。Where in the 18th century in Kant，Free will even soared to the status of the "vault stone" of the entire critical philosophy system。Kant also believes that the free will of evil source，It is the result of the "self -love" as a guidelines for "self -love" and "self -love"。Especially in the initial free use of people, the nature of the person was corrupted by choosing "self -love"，and the nature is "generally use human freedom、The subjective basis of all perceived bet365 best casino games behaviors "，It is regulated that people's free use at the experience level，Therefore, the evil caused by this is "fundamental evil"。Therefore，Kant also recognizes the universal nature of evil，"People are evil in nature"，This sentence applies to the entire clan of a person。This is here，Whether a person with fundamental evil has the possibility of re -good，and what is the way to re -to good，It becomes a question that Kant's attention。The so -called re -good，Kant is called "Rebuilding the original endowment of the good"，But this never means finding something that has been lost。"Because of this motivation that exists in the law of morality，We will never lose。If it will be lost，We can never get it again。Therefore，This reconstruction，It is just the pureness of the foundation of morality as the highest basis for all our standards。”

This reconstruction is a revolution in the idea of ​​a person。but，People who have fallen fundamentally，How can we achieve this revolution with your own strength，What about a good person automatically? This is exactly the Augustine and Peira tag、The core question of controversy with Luthermo。But these thinkers are in the theological position，Although the views are different，But all of them are hoped to be in God's grace，This is an unacceptable for enlightenment thinker Kant，Because this is not compatible with Kant's moral self -discipline。From the perspective of Kant，The will to obey in moral legislation can only be the rule that you establish for yourself，This is the "self -discipline" of the will;。"The self -discipline of will is bet365 Play online games the only principle of all moral laws and obligations that meet these rules; instead of this，All the wayward law not only does not establish any responsibility at all，And rather than the principle of responsibility and the morality of will。"" The change of evil to God's grace is essentially a kind of "his law"，Therefore, it does not have a moral significance，The goodness that can be obtained in this way is not true moral good at all。"Assuming to be good or better，It also needs a supernatural assistance，Regardless of this assistance is just to reduce obstacles，Still make positive assistance，People must make themselves in advance to accept this assistance ... Only this，Good can be attributed to him，He can be regarded as a good person。"" But，In addition to morality，People have no other way to deserve themselves to accept this assistance。Therefore，Kant can only send the moral self -discipline that hopes to people，The premise of self -discipline is freedom of will。"Freedom is of course Ratio Essendi in the Law of Morality [Existence basis] ，But the law of morality is the free Ratio Cognoscendi [Knowing according to] 。Because if it is not in our rationality, I have clearly thought of the law of morality，We will never think that we have reason to assume things like freedom (although freedom does not contradict each other)。But if there is no freedom，In us, there is no moral law at all。"So，Freedom of will also become the first "public set" of Kant's practical rationality。

Kant's free will is not only a subject that can be blamed，It is also a subject that can be returned。It is evil for his own bet365 live casino games discipline，For the same thing for good。Freedom will not only be responsible for evil and sin，And can be the root of good。Only this，Augustine's liberal free will to make up for，Luther's bundled will be liberated，The value and dignity of a person as a free existence can be fully reflected。

　(The author is a professor at the School of Philosophy of Renmin University of China)