Seventh National Census Data Display，China ’s 65 -year -old population in 2020 accounted for 13.5 %。"Fourteenth Five -Year Plan" period will reach 14 %，China will enter a deep population aging society。For this trend，"The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on the Fourteen Four Five -Year Plan for the Development of the National Economic and Social Development and the 2013 Fast Vision Goals" put forward，To implement a national strategy that actively responds to population aging，Develop a long -term development strategy。On the one hand，The challenge proposed by an aging society is real、severe; on the other hand，It is not all crisis it brings。On the contrary，It requires us to change our thinking，Resessing a society that changes aging should provide a system and ethical condition for how to realize a better life for citizens。

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Elderly issues are the Times topics we must face today。In traditional society，The elderly as a tradition、Maintenance of Knowledge and History，Enjoy privileges and prestige，It has more positive meaning。But with the arrival of modern information society，The elderly no longer enjoy the mastery of knowledge and wisdom，Their traditional status has been shaken。Some elderly people cannot keep up with the technical requirements of information society，Become a vulnerable group in society，Travel、Seeing a doctor is affected。other，Because the elderly population increases the pressure of the social security system，In Population Statistics，The elderly population is often depicted as the heavy burden of society。"Old" has become negative。In Western Society，The way the elderly entering moral arguments are mostly Bet365 lotto review due to their burden on social and economy，It has caused people to discuss the reorganization of social resources or medical resources，These views make us think about how to treat the elderly from the perspective of ethics。Fortunately,，The ethical requirements of Chinese traditional culture and socialist harmonious society have always regarded respect for the elderly as one of the core values ​​of society，This allows us。Compared with the positive thinking of elderly medicine and the age of the elderly, the problem of elderly problems，There are few positive discussions on the problems of the elderly in the field of Western ethics。This neglect has its profound reason。Next，The author will present the predicament of the mainstream ethics in the West，Try to answer how we should think about the problem of the elderly from the perspective of Confucian ethics。

British philosopher Bernard Williams has a profound insight in the changes of the ancient and modern vision of ethics。He noticed，In modern society，Classical ethics 'understanding of a good life is replaced by the normative ethics' pursuit of behavior normative; moral ethics allows utilitarian utilitarianism that is compatible with capitalist industrialization。The pursuit of maximizing utility makes utilitarianism give value to the situation，Ignoring the personal integrity of personal and personal pursuit of the meaning of life。Affected by utilitarianism，The internal perspective of understanding a good life or the meaning of life is replaced by the usefulness of the person's usefulness。The uniqueness of each person's life is erased，His value or significance of his life is mainly based on the general ruler recognized by this society -usually income or social status -。Under the perspective of utilitarianism，Aging is a sad process，Because entering the elderly means losing productivity，It bet365 live casino games means that you cannot create more wealth for society。Elderly people lack value，Because they consume too much medical resources and social wealth，But it cannot increase new value or utility to society。The accumulated indifference of utilitarianism perform utilitarian comparison and calculation between interpersonal，Can't accommodate the inner perspective of classical ethics to understand a good life。So，Depending on the meaning of aging according to utilitarianism，Almost all of them are negative。

In addition to utilitarian，Another branch of the mainstream tradition of Western ethics，That is the contract theory，It is also difficult to deal with ethical problems facing elderly life。Traditional contract theory theorist assumes that the main body of the signing of the contract is general equality in ability、Men who can carry out effective production activities。They are different from women with no productive forces、Children and the elderly，Although the parties to the contract may consider the interests of these people。Because the contract is assumed to sign the contract, it is rational、Independent、Equal individual，That is, the individual will not be under the control of any others，or asymmetric dependence on any other person。This means children、Elderly，and those adult women who do not participate in social production cannot be included。Philosopher Martha Nus Bam pointed out，This theory does not have people who contribute extreme inequality in productivity contributions to the most time or the entire life in the life of those life，or those who live in the dependence of serious asymmetric dependencies leave space。contract theory assumes that the ability of all parties to sign is roughly equal，is to prove that their cooperation is fair、mutual benefit，But it does not take into account Bet365 app download the asymmetry of the ability and rights between certain dependent groups and dominant groups，Ethical problems caused by these incorrect human relations。

　　The theoretical framework of thinking positively: Fusion of moral ethics and caring ethics

Compared with utilitarianism and contract theory，Morality Ethics' views on the elderly are more friendly，This is because moral ethics pays attention to the inherent relationship between virtue and good life。For example，Ancient Roman philosopher Cissero believes，Aging is inevitable，We can't do it for it，The only way to avoid this pain or misfortune is to cultivate the wisdom and virtue of self -cultivation。Morality theory in Confucian ethics also holds similar views。Confucian morality theory thinks，Although a person is difficult to avoid the aging and recession of the body，But he can obtain a generous and spiritual freedom of life through active self -cultivation。A virtuous old man will be more at ease when you have various challenges in response to life.，I feel more satisfied with my own life。Morality Ethics calls us to pay attention to the internal elements that make a person's life worthless instead of external items，This makes the special stage of the elderly in this life may also be meaningful with the use of virtue and accumulation of experience。But if you pay too much attention to the internal element of virtue，Ignoring the external conditions needed for good life，It will also bring some hidden concerns。For example，Not all elderly people enjoy high morality，or decline with physical function，They have become smaller and smaller in their virtuous space and possibility。So，Is this old life like this?

​​To respond to the fragility unique to the elderly，We turn to care ethics。Caring ethics believes that people are independent，It also depends on each other; it has rationality，Also Emotional Animals。All of us in our lives Bet365 app download in different periods of life are in a state of mutual dependence and fragile，This is an important fact that becomes human。And with age，This possibility will increase。No matter how hard we take care of ourselves，Our body will be aging。So，We need to be taken care of。The most authentic needs of everyone's survival and reproduction are cut。Care makes us focus on others、Trust others、Thinking about the position of others，Provide care for insights on others，In the relationship, refer to the response of the caring person to adjust our practice。So，It is not a casual activity。It needs the ability of the caring to be capable、Focus on、Emotional investment and sensitivity to the needs of the caring person，and be cautious about the possibility of abuse of power。Under the perspective of caring ethics，Elderly groups are particularly worthy of care and attention due to their particularity。The vulnerability of the elderly group is multi -faceted，The problem of existing diseases and the degeneration of physical function、A decrease in active interpersonal relationships and interaction，There is also the arrival of informatization society，Uncomfortable participation in intelligent society。In this regard, the government and society are concerned about the special needs of the elderly，Provide them provided them with technical support，On the other hand, family members also need family members to provide face -to -face personalized care and help。The purpose of care is not to deny the autonomy of the elderly，Instead, creating conditions for them，Let them enjoy the elderly life with dignity。

I think，Combining morality ethics with caring ethics，Provide us with a positive theoretical framework for thinking about old age。Where，The former focuses on self -cultivation of the elderly，and this self -study contribution to bet365 Play online games its ethical contribution，The latter focuses on thinking about how to live dignity for the elderly、Happy elderly life to create ethical conditions。Only two are combined with two，Elderly talents have the desire to realize their beautiful life。Because the realization of a good life requires the foundation of the inner ethical virtue，Also requires the blessing of external ethical conditions。In the cultural context of China，The best combination of morality requirements with the demands of care is Confucian ethics。Because，Confucian ethics, on the one hand, emphasizes the richness and high cleanliness of morality and character through self -cultivation，On the one hand, it advocates "filial piety and respecting the elderly" to respond to the peculiar dependence and vulnerability of the elderly。The "learning" and "filial piety" Bet365 lotto review proposed by Confucianism can help us cope with some ethical dilemma faced by older society。It provides an ethical perspective that understands the life of the elderly，According to this perspective，People are a existence that needs to be completed，Elderly may lead to the mature stage of ethical life。Elderly people can get a calm attitude facing life through self -cultivation，With its virtuous contribution to the meaning of life, enjoy dignity，On the other hand, under the care of the entire society and the care of family members，They can live according to their own wishes，Get full respect，So enjoying his old age。

We have reason to think，Compared to the theory of mainstream ethics in the West，Confucian ethics provides us with a more appropriate theoretical framework for our thinking about the problem of the elderly。Of course，Traditional Confucian ethics is when encountering an aging problem in modern society，No doubt need to be creative transformation and innovative development。Confucianism Bet365 lotto review proposed by Confucianism to deal with aging，Whether it is "learning" or "filial piety"，Facing new challenges in the current society。So，Under the conditions of modern society，Discover the learning mode of handling the meaning of life，Thinking about the modern form of the family and the new form of filial piety，is a question that Confucian scholars need to think further，Also the Chinese wisdom we can contribute to the old -fashioned world。

　　(Author Unit: Department of Philosophy of East China Normal University)