With the increasing publicization of modern society and the social expansion of modern people’s lives，The daily ethical world of human beings is increasingly taking on various forms，Especially the ethical disciplines constructed based on the knowledge system originated from the West，Showing richness and mutual learning on the road to modernity。In fact，In the history of the development of Western philosophy，From Descartes to Spinoza，They all try to propose a systematization of the axioms of Bet365 app download。But，Because there is no unified understanding of the content and object of Bet365 app download，This system is still incomplete、Imperfect。Today, domestic academic circles pay a lot of attention to normative Bet365 app download and its effectiveness in public social order，But for the kind that grows on the basis of special regional culture、Individual virtues that also play a role in the harmony of social order，No corresponding research has been carried out，There are even differences in the understanding of "virtue" in virtue Bet365 app download。While sorting through the history of philosophy and Bet365 app download we found，Theoretical foundation of individual virtue excellence，That is, the rationality of its moral existence，Not in normative Bet365 app download，Beyond normative Bet365 app download，People have always used actions to interpret the uniqueness of culture under the dominance of "universal rationalist normative Bet365 app download" and the philosophical significance of the diversity of moral traditions it contains，Virtue Bet365 app download has long existed and occupied a place in the knowledge system of the history of Western philosophy。

Admittedly，The tradition of virtue Bet365 app download encounters many challenges in contemporary times，But in real life，In any special moral and cultural community, there are individual virtues that express outstanding achievements and excellent qualities。Based on this，In recent years, virtue Bet365 app download has attracted more and more attention from the academic community，In particular, the academic interpretation of virtue Bet365 app download by contemporary British and American scholars is in the ascendant。But，They are more based on virtue Bet365 app download and normative Bet365 app download、The distinction between ethical paradigms in metaethics，As for how to learn from academic history、Answer to the philosophical ontological foundation of contemporary virtue Bet365 app download from the perspective of intellectual history，And the unique way of existence and richness of virtue Bet365 app download in the contemporary context，requires further study。

Undeniable，Contemporary British and American virtue Bet365 app download researchers focus on the basis of the purpose of moral subjects and their special moral value goals，And formed rich research results。However，We must further promote the study of virtue Bet365 app download，The evolution of the knowledge system of the word "virtue" must be answered academically, especially from the perspective of the history of philosophy，That is, the distinction between "virtue" and "virtue" in the original sense，This is the primary proposition to confirm and launch research on virtue Bet365 app download。Carrying out research on virtue Bet365 app download on this basis can clearly grasp its context and origin，To understand the classic origins and modern evolution of virtue Bet365 app download。Anscombe’s definition of “virtue Bet365 app download” in his article “Modern Moral Philosophy”，Make it a modern one、New words that fit the context of contemporary British and American philosophy，The subsequent distinction from normative Bet365 app download conveys the academic community’s appeal for reviving traditional virtue Bet365 app download。However，This new word for pure psychologicalism based on pure psychological tendencies，The modernity of virtue Bet365 app download is not given a rigorous philosophical interpretation，Even modern virtue Bet365 app download still lacks a reasonable and comprehensive moral philosophy foundation。

After Anscombe，To deal with the confusion existing in modern society，The academic community has further launched a call for virtue Bet365 app download。This action prompted contemporary virtue Bet365 app download researchers to step away from the analysis of traditional moral philosophy’s neglect of the phenomenon of virtue，Turn into a critique of modern normative Bet365 app download as a whole。In the classic work on virtue Bet365 app download, In Search of Virtue，There are criticisms of the shortcomings of modern normative Bet365 app download，And an expression of the unique shape of virtue Bet365 app download。MacIntyre has inherited Aristotelian moral propositions about realizing human happiness，At the same time, it is based on the common good of the ethical entity of city-state politics and the tradition and practice of the social community，To establish the disciplinary structure of virtue Bet365 app download。Start with him，Modern virtue Bet365 app download started neo-Aristotelianism、Neo-Stoicism、Multiple graph styles such as emotionalism or neo-Humeanism and virtue egotism or Nietzscheism。From the perspective of the entire development process of Bet365 app download，This is a revival in sublation、The process of persistence in inheritance，It profoundly presents the unusual expression path of virtue Bet365 app download，And the process of how it flourishes in the contemporary academic research environment。What is particularly worth mentioning，McIntyre、Ford、Hursthouse focuses on virtue stance，Emphasis on virtue in the Aristotelian sense，And try to pursue a new conception of virtue Bet365 app download based on this。Nussbaum based his discussion on the philosophy of the entire Hellenistic period，Emphasis on emotional self-control in Stoicism、The philosophical significance of emotional analysis to spiritual therapy；Slot further absorbed Scottish moral sentimentalism，Emphasize that moral philosophy should be based on the virtue of human beings as actors，Opposition to normative Bet365 app download based only on action，Advocates the use of emotionalism methodology as the metaethical foundation for virtue Bet365 app download inquiry；Swanton defines the important characteristics of virtue as "the expression of a good inner state"，And understand Nietzsche’s will to power based on this，Strive to demonstrate that will to power is the key to Nietzsche’s theory of virtue。It can be said，Contemporary British and American virtue Bet365 app download scholars almost all try to prove that virtue Bet365 app download is different from deontological Bet365 app download、A more unique type of Bet365 app download that is parallel to utilitarian Bet365 app download。

The problem is，Is this kind of virtue Bet365 app download based on criticizing modern normative Bet365 app download truly returning to the original way of virtue Bet365 app download and being further advanced?？Not necessarily！Through combing through the history of philosophy, we found out，European philosophers from the 17th to the 19th centuries have used conclusive evidence to show us that virtue Bet365 app download is not only not lost in the sea of ​​normative Bet365 app download；What’s more valuable is，They have been committed to constructing a system of virtue theory that is different from normative Bet365 app download based on the inherent nobility of virtue itself，such as Shaftesbury、Hutchison、Ferguson、Hume、Adam Smith、Montesquieu、Rousseau et al。Therefore，Define modern virtue Bet365 app download only on the timeline of the development of human society，Not only is it unconvincing，It will also lead to the complacency of virtue Bet365 app download。Only on the basis of the history of philosophy can we seek the modern direction of virtue Bet365 app download，Only can we scientifically explain the modern turn of virtue Bet365 app download。

Tracing the origins，We find that virtue Bet365 app download has presented itself in unique ways from ancient times to the present，And become a type in a complete ethical system。But only by returning to the philosophical level can its rationality be confirmed，This can be confirmed by Hursthouse’s description of virtue Bet365 app download。He thinks，No matter how Bet365 app download scholars express the systematic or normative characteristics of virtue Bet365 app download，There are language biases and differences within the system。In fact，Academia is in the process of defining and regulating virtue Bet365 app download，No matter what kind of virtue Bet365 app download, it is more or less connected with other Bet365 app download，There are even contradictions between specific claims。This strongly illustrates that virtue Bet365 app download can only be discussed at the level of philosophical Bet365 app download，Only in order to understand the long-standing academic disputes in a higher dimension。Any rejection of morality、None of the theories of normative concepts such as obligation can clearly articulate the virtue theory，But virtue theory can internalize ethical concepts and moral principles into its own moral character。

　(Author’s affiliation: School of Marxism, University of Science and Technology Beijing)