bet365 Play online games

Different political parties have obvious differences in organizational discipline，This difference is most obviously reflected in between Eastern and Western countries。Most Western parties generate in a free and democratic environment，Organizational discipline is often loose。Different from Western political parties is，Political parties of most developing countries are generated during the anti -emperor and anti -colonial process，The harsh struggle environment and the arduous struggle make these political parties form a strong organizational discipline。For this，Politician Apte uses the two concepts of "Representative Party" and "Unity Party" to summarize the above two different types of political parties: representing the party to produce the political alliance，Operation within the framework of the coordination system，Follow the election rules and have a highly institutional leadership role; the unity party originated from the social movement，Deliven to change society、Reconstruction of social relations，Implement ideological goals。

In fact，Even in the Western country，Political parties in different countries and even different political parties in the same country，There are also differences in the organizational discipline of political parties。The most typical case is，Although the same belongs to the "Anglo bet365 live casino games -Saxon" cultural circle，British political parties and American political parties have very obvious differences in organizational discipline。American political parties have always been famous for being loose，and the organizational discipline of the British party is much stronger。How to explain the differences? The answer is definitely many aspects，This article comes from the election system、Government type、Origin method、National structural forms and other factors to explain the differences in the discipline of party organizations。

　　Election system influence

The election system has an important and direct impact on the discipline of political parties。Just as some scholars noticed，"The election system has other influence on the style and behavior of the British government"。Due to the implementation of the majority election system in the single constituency，Members of Congress do not need to compete with their comrades in their own constituencies。This prompts them to focus on national affairs rather than local affairs，Because of the right to nominate members in the hands of national political parties，Nominated by political parties is an important prerequisite for them to be elected。As a result, the result is that these members rely on the support of the leader of the party，This high dependence creates strong organizational discipline in parliament (Strong Party Discipline in Parliament)。Named，The policy of political parties is finalized by the parliamentary party group meeting and the party's annual conference is reviewed and approved。bet365 best casino games and actually，Political party leaders control not only control the agenda of the party's annual conference，At the same time, it also controls the agenda of the parliamentary party and group，Especially for the ruling party。So，Most elections in the single constituency implemented by the UK created the strong organizational discipline of the British political parties in the parliament。

　　The influence of the type of government

Comparison of comparison，Although the United States also implements a single constituency most election system，But the discipline of the American party is far inferior to Britain。So，The single factor of only the election system cannot fully explain the differences in the discipline of political parties。The most obvious difference between the United States and the United Kingdom is the difference between the type of government，The United Kingdom is a typical parliamentary system，The United States is a typical presidential system，Different government types will also affect the discipline of political parties。

Usually，Presidential system comparison parliamentary system is easier to lead to looseness of the party structure。Under the presidential system，The president of the head of the administrative branch lacks effective control methods for the party members of the parliament，The election of parliamentarians does not rely on the support of the president，This decentralized structure makes it difficult for political parties under the president to form a high degree of organizational discipline。Italian scholar Angru Panibion ​​pointed out，"In any democracy，There are two types of the highest power: one is the power to call for the election; the other bet365 live casino games is to design the power of political issues that belong to people's sovereignty "。In his opinion，The first power can be used by the cabinet to suggest that the king will dissolve the parliament。This constitutes the basis of party discipline。"As a means of political control，The manipulation of the danger of election is an organizational force with extremely valuable and important importance "" Give Parliamentary Leaders' huge power control parliamentary party and political parties other than parliament "。So，From this sense，The British political party system is centralized。In the United States，"Because the constitutional terms have completely abolished the major democratic power called election", "due to the absence of major organizational power，The US political party system is decentralized "。

　　The influence of the origin of political parties

The election system and the type of government can explain the differences in the discipline of political parties in different countries，but，How to explain the differences in the discipline of different political parties in the same country? After all, these political parties are under the same type of government and election system，From this to the origin of political parties, explore the differences between the discipline of different parties in different political parties。

The impact of the discipline of political parties on the discipline of political parties，The academic community has also paid attention to。French political scientist Diwell Hot dividing political parties into two types according to the origin mode of political parties: endogenous type，That is the party that is generated within the parliament，Such as the British Conservative bet365 best casino games Party; exogenous type，That is a political party generated outside the parliament，Such as the British Labor。Compared with endogenous parties，External political parties are usually more concentrated、More discipline and organizational cohesion。Italian political scientist Angelu Panimi Bonkobo divided the origin mode of political parties into regional penetration and territorial expansion。Regional penetration refers to "when the central control、Inspiration or guidance of the development of 'peripherals'，Regional penetration will occur，That is to establish a local and intermediary party associations "; regional expansion refers to" when the development of the organization develops spontaneous buds，That is, the local elite has formed the association of political parties，These associations are integrated into national organizations，Regional expansion will occur "。Organizational development achieved through regional penetration means，There is a very united "central" existence from the beginning; political parties that have achieved development through regional expansion，The formation process of the party's leadership is usually more turbulent and complex。In other words，Political parties developed through geographical infiltration often have stronger organizationalability。

　　The influence of the national structure form

Except the election system、Government type、Outside the origin method，The national structure will also affect the party's organization system。American political scientist Edistan earlier noticing that the national structural form had an important bet365 Play online games impact on the political party system: a single system in the central government，At the beginning of the establishment of political parties, it is often national organization，The influence of local political parties is much smaller; in the federal environment，Organizational political parties are mainly for regional campaigns，instead of organizing a national party with regional branches，National parties are mainly alliances of political parties of various states (provinces or regions)。

National structure form as a constitutional environment for the party generated and operated by political parties，It will inevitably affect the form and operation of political parties。Generally speaking，The forms of political party organizations in the state power structure and vertical dimension are consistent，That is, a single state of a single state produces a multi -power party，Federal countries produce more decentralized political parties。This consistency can be reflected in many countries，If the United States and Switzerland are typical federal countries，The national political parties of these two countries are actually the alliances of local party organizations at the national level，High decentralization of political party organizations，The party's organizational discipline is relatively weak; Japan and the United Kingdom are single -system，The national political parties of these two countries are integrated political parties with strong organizational and discipline。

　　(Author Unit: School of Public Management of Central South University for Nationalities)