After the 1960s，The United States is experiencing the civil rights movement、bet365 promo codes Power Movement、After the controversy over “affirmative action” and the “culture wars”，It seems that we have entered the "post-racial" era of racial integration。But social racial problems are not eliminated，But there is an undercurrent，The crisis of race relations in the United States is once again highlighted。

When ordinary people are immersed in the victory bet365 promo codes civil rights movement and superficial racial relations，A group of African-American writers are still keenly aware bet365 promo codes deep-seated problems in American race relations。The result of this kind of literary thinking，It is the emergence of a large number of contemporary African-American slave-related novels (hereinafter referred to as "slavery-related novels"，Critics also generally call it the "new slave narrative")。

In short，"Slavery-themed novels" refer to those novels with diverse narrative perspectives (especially the addition of black female perspectives)，The narrative content is based on revisiting the collective or individual experiences of slavery or slavery-related African Americans，In response、Questioning and deconstructing white-dominated bet365 promo codes writing for narrative purposes，Using a narrative method that is strange and changeable but basically has the characteristics of black oral narrative，Through diverse postmodernist writing techniques，Like parody、Intertext、Collage、Irony、African-American novels that appeared from the 1960s to the beginning of this century that revisit the bet365 promo codes of slavery from a contemporary perspective, such as Defamiliarization。The aftermath of the civil rights movement and the popularity of a large number of films and television works on slavery in the United States in the 1970s，It is the realistic soil of the society and culture in which it was produced。However，Concerns about racial amnesia，Questions on the mainstream historiography and literary representation of the bet365 promo codes of slavery、Response and "reverse writing"，It is the real driving force of the generation mechanism of African-American slave-related novel literature。

　　Fictional truth and bet365 promo codes reconstruction

The most distinctive feature of “slavery-related novels” is that they revisit the bet365 promo codes of slavery in terms of narrative theme。Margaret Walker, who is considered the originator of "slavery-related novels", in order to construct the "truth" of bet365 promo codes，It took ten years to prepare Jubilee，1966）material。She combines folk elements，Like black folk songs、Dialect、Religion、Folk stories and so on are integrated into the narrative，This impulse to create a sense of reality，Exactly the same as the classic slave narrative text。On the surface it is similar to the hit Alex Haley’s Roots，1976) has similar properties，Seems to be a branch of the wave of African Americans seeking their roots。But looking at it from a deeper level，It reverses the tradition of writing African American bet365 promo codes “from the top down”。The fundamental purpose of its creation，Let the black slaves "voice"，Let them tell a more flesh-and-blood bet365 promo codes as the central figures in the bet365 promo codes of slavery，Correcting the deviation of "official" (i.e. white) bet365 promo codes and literature about black slave writing。Walker’s concern about the lack of black slaves in white historical writing，Responded in her many subsequent novels involving slavery，For example, "The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman" by Ernest Gaines，1971）。

Same as Walker，Other African-American writers also combine historical novels with black folklore，But the difference is that they try to use the rumors of some famous historical figures as wedges，Restore the “real” “lowercase” bet365 promo codes of slavery。Female writers are the most popular in this regard，Typical works such as "Sally Hemings" by Barbara Chase-Leeb， 1979）。The historical background of this novel is the affair between US President Thomas Jefferson and the slave girl Sally Hemings。Chase-Leeb through the combination of historical materials and literary imagination，Subverted traditional understanding: on the one hand, it pulled Jefferson’s presidential image from the altar，Restore the human flaws that an ordinary person may have；On the other hand，Breaking the stereotype of the female slave Hemings as a victim，On the contrary, it shows an African-American woman with a unique personality to the world，Reconstructing bet365 promo codes in a storyline that is both real and imaginary。

　　Exploring bet365 promo codes origins and understanding oneself

Another important theme of “slavery-related novels” is the pursuit of family hidden bet365 promo codes。Frantz Fannon, an influential thinker in the 20th century black rights movement, made clinical research findings on colonial black groups，These black people have a common inferiority complex and colonial schizophrenia。He was in "Dark Skin，In the book "White Mask"，Attempted to explain this phenomenon with the concept of "fatal survival psychological crux"。He thinks，This psychological crux can be traced back to the violent colonial bet365 promo codes。And try to erase the traumatic impact of slavery on future generations，Know yourself、Know yourself、Accepting oneself is the consensus of many writers of "slavery-related novels"。

Corregidora by Gale Jones，1975）、The Chaneysville Incident by David Bradley，1981) and Leon Forrest’s Two Wings to Veil My Face， 1983) These three works，Breaking the linear historical narrative in terms of narrative methods，Tracing family hidden bet365 promo codes through fragmented traumatic memories。The protagonists in the novel shoulder the important responsibility of historical inheritance，How to face historical trauma by reproducing these family memories is an urgent problem they need to solve in real society。In comparison，Kindred by Octavia Butler， 1979)’s family origins，appears more complex and full。Butler uses the science fiction method of "travel" to construct a two-way time and space in the text，Let young couples from modern society who are from black and white races "experience" the bet365 promo codes of slavery，Get “close” to family past events in the reconstruction of historical events，Re-examining the relationship between black and white races - apart from the main theme of isolation and confrontation between black and white races，It’s still complicated、Contradiction、Tangled、Painful but inseparable relationship。Both black and white races need to understand themselves today through historical memory。

　　The bet365 promo codes of diversity

Comparison with classic slave narratives，The group of writers of "novel on slave themes" has formed a situation of coexistence of diversity in the pursuit of creative freedom。Ishmael Reed is undoubtedly a pioneer in incorporating postmodern formal innovation into the parody and rewriting of slave narratives。Looking at the integration of Reed’s creative career and postmodern literary trends、The creative ideas that also embody the African American literary tradition，Mainly manifested in two aspects: first，Creatively integrate the idea of ​​"New Voodoo Aesthetics" into its narrative structure to deconstruct Eurocentrism；Part 2，To use time and space inversion、Postmodern writing techniques such as parody deconstruct Western classic texts and genres。In his debut novel "The Free-lance Pallbearers"，1967) and "Yellow Back Radio Broke-down" (Yellow Back Radio Broke-down，1969) in these two works，Reidong Irony、Parody、Comedy and fantasy all in one，To American Politics、Religion、White people、Black、Popular Culture、Academic interest groups ruthlessly mocked；The masterpiece "Mangbo Jongbo" that made him famous is a typical postmodern anti-detective novel text。Reed via parody，Smartly integrate politics、Themes of culture and race are embedded in the work，The rewriting is mainly reflected in the three major elements of detective novels-criminal mystery (mysterious incident)、Deconstruction bet365 promo codes detective image and narrative structure one by one。In addition，His other work "Escape to Canada" uses a poem called "Escape to Canada" written by the protagonist to subvert the stylized opening bet365 promo codes classic slave narrative "I was born..."。

Charles Johnson is also a typical example of efforts to integrate new artistic methods in literary creation。His disappointment and rebellion against the classic slave narrative in terms of creative motivation，Mainly manifested in the subversion of classic characters in novel creation、Reshaping the authorship of slave narratives and rethinking freedom and slavery；Extensive use of postmodern novel techniques such as intertextuality in creative methods，And draw nourishment from the exotic Eastern philosophy and culture；In terms of creative goals, we are committed to creating a new genre of African American literature - "Black Philosophy" novels。The novel "The Legend bet365 promo codes Cowherd" was inspired by the Chinese Buddhist work "Ten Cows" from the Song Dynasty，Integrate black experience and Eastern philosophy elements in creative techniques。Johnson borrows ready-made Buddhist fables and allusions，Cleverly combines the spiritual practice shown in "Ten Cows" with the protagonist Andrew's self-exploration process。Johnson incorporated the process of black slaves seeking physical and spiritual freedom into the framework of Buddhism，Try to open up new ways for African Americans to escape the shackles of slavery。

A perspective on the literary landscape of contemporary African-American novels involving slavery，We found that although these texts have the purpose of playing with the mainstream historical view，There are also characteristics of word games。But the purpose is not to deny the existence of bet365 promo codes，But question objectivity、Unmodified、The legitimacy of the true mainstream Western bet365 promo codes，Rewriting bet365 promo codes from the perspective of cultural practice，Challenging the authority of traditional historical writing。Of course the real purpose of writers of "slavery novels" is not so much to write a bet365 promo codes of the past from the perspective of the present，It is better to revisit the memories of the past and write a bet365 promo codes about the present。Because in the final analysis，The real hidden dangers of racial conflicts in the United States are their lingering worries。

　　(The author is a member bet365 promo codes National Social Science Foundation project "Research on Contemporary African American Slavery-related Novels"、Ph.D. candidate at the School of Foreign Languages, Fujian Normal University；Professor, School of Foreign Languages, Fujian Normal University)