In a multi-ethnic country like China，Architectural culture has multiple dimensions of humanistic thought and rich diversity。via cross-region、Cross-cultural interactive communication，The diverse architectural ideas of ancient China converged in a specific time and space、Accommodation and cultivation，Create numerous cultural spaces and landscapes with specific humanistic meanings。Among them，Only in terms of Buddhist architecture，It serves as a sacred worship space，At the same time, it is a thought under the two wills of religion and culture、Direct reflection of traditions and concepts。The architectural images that carry these humanistic spirits and are visible also have a long history，Subtly influencing and shaping the people who are involved、Society and Ethnicity。It can be seen from this，Research on the history of religious architecture has a very diverse perspective，In addition to exploring the structure and technological evolution bet365 free bets building itself，Explain and deconstruct based on this through rigorous empirical research and reasonable speculation，Revealing the humanistic meaning behind religious architecture，It is also a way for us to penetrate into the world of traditional Chinese thought。

The cultural exchanges between the Chinese and Tibetan peoples have a long history，The integration and innovation of religious architectural culture is a very important aspect。From architectural French、See shapes and other elements，Tibet、Qinghai、A number of Tibetan bet365 free bets temple buildings from the 14th century have been preserved in Sichuan and Inner Mongolia，It has the typical "axial symmetry - one front and two rooms" Chinese architectural layout and the combination of Chinese and Tibetan large wooden bet365 free bets halls，Some of them still have ceiling paintings with Tibetan Tantric mandala structures。This kind of bet365 free bets architecture combines Chinese and Tibetan architectural styles and design ideas，Generation and evolution in specific geographical areas，There is a strong metaphor behind cultural integration，It is of great significance for us to understand the model of cultural interaction between Han and Tibetan people and the construction of a cultural community。

Judging from archaeological data and existing remains，The Samye temple style temple model became the basic shape of Tibetan Buddhist temples after the 11th century。It is characterized by a vertical rectangular Buddhist hall as the core，Surrounded by prayer corridors，There is a long and narrow prayer hall in front bet365 free bets Buddhist hall and the prayer hall。This model has a very wide spread range，South to Uizang，Sida Ali、Kashmir，North to Hexi Corridor、Heishui City area。Until the rise bet365 free bets Gelug sect in the 16th century，The shape of Tibetan Buddhist temples has undergone fundamental changes。From a single building perspective，Tibetan Buddhist temples were mainly Tibetan-style flat-roofed buildings in the early days，The outer wall is built with stones and clay rammed to bear weight，Use columns inside to install supporting beams，Overlaying wood、Wooden stick、Wood chips, etc.，And then use clay to make a flat top。This practice has been passed down in Tibet to this day。Since the 13th century，With the establishment bet365 free bets Yuan Dynasty，Tibetan Buddhist architecture began to be strongly influenced by Han architectural traditions。Represented by Zhwa Lu Monastery in Tibet，Snowy Plateau Integration、Created a new architectural model that combines Chinese and Tibetan traditions，And it is widely used in areas where Tibetan Buddhism spreads。Therefore，A cultural picture with multiple symbolic meanings emerged at the historic moment。This is also one bet365 free bets reasons why the expansion of Shalu Temple is a milestone in the history of Sino-Tibetan relations。

From the existing architectural remains of Xialu Temple，We can clearly see the transformation and reconstruction of Xialu Temple architecture by Han thinking concepts and large wooden construction culture。From the overall layout，The expansion is planned and carried out on the basis of integrating the old Buddhist temple，Making the whole temple look like four halls enclosed、Floor layout of "one front and two compartments" with central axis，Reflecting the obvious Han architectural tradition and way of thinking。The "one main and two chambers" model with a central axis of Xialu Temple undoubtedly had a huge impact on the shape bet365 free bets newly built temples and halls in Uizang from the 15th to the 17th century，Such as the Tsoqen Hall in Gyantse Baiju Temple (dPal’khor chos sde) in Houzang、The layout bet365 free bets Cuoqin Hall in the Gonggar Chos Sde Temple in Shannan during the initial construction period，As well as famous Ming Dynasty Tibetan temples such as Pingcuoling Temple (dGa’ ldan phun tshogs gling) Coqin Hall in Lazi County，Without exception, this layout is adopted on the plane。

From the perspective of a single building，During the expansion period of Xialu Temple, the top four boundless palaces in the east, west, south and north all adopted the almost purely Chinese style of large wooden structure，Including on the column、The paving layer composed of columns and corner dougong structures、Painted flat roof，Covered with green glazed tiles、Hung roofs supported by rafters, etc.，They are all very similar to the known architectural practices bet365 free bets Yuan Dynasty，Official practices belonging to the Yuan Dynasty。This hall has the typical characteristics bet365 free bets Samye temple style in the early Houhong period，That is, the center bet365 free bets Buddhist hall is in the form of a turning corridor。On top of this Tibetan Buddhist temple structure，When integrating Chinese-style large wooden buildings，On the one hand, Han craftsmen do not use columns to support the roof，Instead, the surrounding walls are built to bear the load，Erect the Dougong layer above it to support the Dougong layer and the entire Wuxi Xieshan roof；On the other hand, the practice of "auxiliary steps Zhou Za" in the Song Dynasty's "Building Methods" was used，That is, add a circle of columns around the outer eaves column，And completely build up the corridor columns to form a closed space。The "secondary steps" form the enclosed prayer corridor，The appearance also forms a double-eaves and hilltop building。This style can be called a large wooden Buddhist temple combining Chinese and Tibetan style。This kind of Buddhist temple building that we can see in Tibet today，The earliest example is the East Infinite Palace of Xialu Temple。This architectural model of Shalu Temple had a wide influence in the Uizang area in the 14th century，For example, the famous Kadam Sect ancient temple Dolma Lhakhang renovated the Buddhist hall using the same Chinese-Tibetan style as the Shalu Temple。After the 15th century，Although Tibet has not been able to inherit the complex "flat-椫-椽栿" woodworking technology，But only in terms bet365 free bets architectural appearance style of Chinese-style pitched roofs (rgya phibs)，The Xieshan-style golden domes (gser gyi rgya phibs) in Han China have gradually become popular in Tibet，Eventually became a standard configuration for high-level Buddhist buildings throughout the snowy region。

From the late 14th century to the 16th century, large wooden Buddhist temples bet365 free bets combined Chinese and Tibetan style were basically built in the Hexi area，That is, it is very popular in the Gansu-Qinghai Hexi Corridor and the Hehuang Basin。The Hexi area geographically belongs to the interlaced zone of Han and Tibetan areas，Multiple civilizations meet here、Fusion，And derived some unique regional cultural phenomena，The evolution bet365 free bets large wooden Buddhist temple that combines Chinese and Tibetan style is one of them。Now Yongdeng area，That is, Zhuang Langwei in the Ming Dynasty still preserved a number of Tibetan Buddhist temples of this shape from the 15th to 16th centuries。They were all built by the Lu chieftain family in the Hehuang area in the Ming Dynasty, known as the "Hexi giant family"。The Lu Tusi family was originally one bet365 free bets four cowards bet365 free bets Khan Court during the Genghis Khan period、Sūldūs Suoerhan·Sūr ?The descendants of Chimbai, the son of Guan ireh，The tribe moved from Mobei to the present Yongdeng area in the mid-13th century，Gradually abandon the nomadic grassland lifestyle，Imitate the Han people and settle down，The concept bet365 free bets Central Plains of preserving its land has gradually penetrated into his heart。Ming Dynasty Period，The Lu Tusi family resisted Mongolia from the north for the Ming Dynasty，Nan Han Zhu Fan，Guarding the Border，I thought Fan Ping。They show their admiration and identification with Han culture and political traditions at every turn，And try to downplay his Mongolian origins。At the same time，In response to the emperors bet365 free bets Ming Dynasty advocating Tibetan Buddhist beliefs，The Lu Tusi family is also keen on Tibetan Buddhism，And vigorously promote his prominent family background，Connect it with the Buddhist view of Mongolian and Tibetan history established by Phagspa’s "Zhang Zhi Lun"，To establish one’s status。In this ideological background，The overall layout of these temples established by the Lu Tusi family reflects the typical Han architectural axial symmetry and the "one front and two wings" model。The single building is based on the inherent Chinese-Tibetan Buddhist temple，Absorbed the "Pantheon-style" practice bet365 free bets auspicious multi-door pagoda of Baiju Temple pioneered by Uizang in the early 15th century，Use Ping Lei and Douba caissons for clever planning and design，Draw out various mandalas bet365 free bets four tantras、image bet365 free bets god，In order from high to low，Arranged from the center outward，Finally formed a complete Buddhist pantheon at Zenith，Create an architectural culture tradition that follows the Han Dynasty，A sacred space that embodies the esoteric thoughts of Tibetan Buddhism。In its essence，This kind of building still reflects the Lu Tusi family’s preservation of its land and its people，A desire to gain the identity bet365 free bets Ming Dynasty government。For example, the Thanksgiving Temple built by the fifth chieftain Lulin，This clearly reflects the duality bet365 free bets Lu Tusi family。The layout bet365 free bets temple to the individual buildings are all Han religious architectural models，There are two Chinese and Tibetan stone tablets in the stele pavilion，The content and expression are very different。The viewers bet365 free bets Chinese inscription on the front are the officials and generals sent here by the imperial court，Therefore, the content bet365 free bets Chinese inscriptions clearly reflects the Ming Dynasty’s official ideology and views on the three religions, which were dominated by Confucian ethics。The viewers bet365 free bets Tibetan inscription behind it are Tibetan monks，Therefore, we strive to put the family history of Tusi Lu into the narrative context of Buddhist Tibetan history that has been reshaped since the 13th century。The "Da Ming" plaque hangs high in the Hall bet365 free bets Second General of Hengha in Thanksgiving Temple，The Six Paths of Reincarnation diagram drawn in the temple using the "Beijing version" determined by Bandan Zhashi，The Main Hall adopts a square plane and a large wooden structure，The Zenith draws a mandala painting bet365 free bets four tantra systems with the Kalachakra Mandala as the core bet365 free bets Supreme Yoga Tantra deity，All of this is shaping two completely different cultural identities，In fact, it is a metaphor for the dual nature bet365 free bets Lu chieftain family, looking eastward and guarding its land for the rest bet365 free bets world。

The Chinese-Tibetan large wooden Buddhist temple has been reconstructed in the "Pantheon style"，That is, it spreads rapidly to the northeast and southeast。After localization improvement and integration，This kind of Buddhist temple architectural form has evolved into a distinctive local color in areas where Tibetan Buddhism is popular, such as Inner Mongolia and western Sichuan。Mid 16th century，Altan Khan, the 17th grandson of Genghis Khan and leader bet365 free bets Tumote tribe, marches into Qinghai，Mongolia and Tibet resume contact。On the one hand, Altan Khan reopened trade with the Ming Dynasty，Accept the canonization bet365 free bets Ming Dynasty；On the other hand, in order to establish one's position among the Mongolian tribes，Beginning to regain Tibetan Buddhist faith，Restore the glory of our ancestors by rebuilding Mongolian-Tibetan relations，Create the orthodox status of Kublai Khan, the founder bet365 free bets Shaoxu Yuan Dynasty。Therefore，Altan Khan imitated Kublai Khan and met with Pasirba，Sent envoys three times to invite Gelug sect leader Sonam Gyatso (bSod nams rgya mtsho)，At the same time, he ordered his fourth son Bingtu who was stationed in Qinghai to build a Buddhist temple，Welcoming the arrival of Sonam Gyatso。At that time, many Han craftsmen were invited to build Buddhist temples，Named "Yanghua Temple" by Ming Shenzong。It should be noted that，The Mongols are a northern nomadic people with no architectural cultural tradition，The function and symbolic significance of architecture in cultural and political life were only established after it entered the Central Plains。And the glorious city created by Kublai Khan - Dayidu，Leaved an indelible historical memory in the hearts of Altan Khan and other ancestors。Therefore，Altan Khan’s visual imagination bet365 free bets highest level Buddhist temple，Still mainly based on the Han-style architecture bet365 free bets royal temples in Dadu in the Yuan Dynasty。This shows that Yanghua Temple adopts a purely Chinese architectural style，On the one hand, it implies Altan Khan’s oath of allegiance to the Ming government as the master of China，On the other hand, it is also a reappearance bet365 free bets historical memory of our nation that is deeply nourished by Han culture。

The ideal that Altan Khan keeps in mind is to restore the former glory and prosperity of Dadu。Therefore，After meeting at Yanghua Temple，Altan Khan returned to Tumut to "model the city after the lost metropolis"，Dabansheng and Hohhot were built successively，And build a Tibetan Buddhist temple in the city，This is the origin of Meidai Zhao and Da Zhao。Through in-depth Qinghai，Altan Khan came into contact with the popular Sino-Tibetan "Pantheon" large wooden Buddhist temple in the Hexi area，Created the Yanghua Temple, which has important political and religious significance in the history of Mongolian-Tibetan relations，It can be seen that Yanghua Temple is what Altan Khan thinks bet365 free bets ideal Buddhist temple。Of course，Because a large number of Shanxi craftsmen participated in the construction bet365 free bets temple，Altan Khan also requested the governor of Shanxi and the political symposium to provide craftsmen, pigments, etc.，Therefore its architectural style is inevitably influenced by Shanxi Han Buddhist architecture。Nevertheless，We can still see its profound Hexi origins from the architectural style of Meidai Zhao。Therefore，The development of Mongolian Tibetan Buddhist architecture is based on Chinese architectural style，Since the Qing Dynasty, Mongolian Buddhist architecture has shown a strong Chinese atmosphere，The origin is here。

Taking Hexi as the source，The Sino-Tibetan "Pantheon" Buddhist temple shape has not only spread to the northeastern Inner Mongolia region，It was also introduced to the Mi nyag area of ​​Ganzi, Sichuan through the Tibetan-Yi Corridor，Combined with the historic Tibetan and Qiang watchtower architecture，Creating a new type of Chinese-Tibetan watchtower sutra hall。Based on fieldwork，Existing examples of this kind of watchtower sutra hall are distributed in the Liqi River and Jiulong River basins, tributaries bet365 free bets Yalong River。Analysis through the age of murals，Its construction time was roughly from the late 15th century to the 16th century。This is another example of Han cultural concepts using the spread of architectural forms to complete the construction of multi-ethnic shared culture。

Above，The author mainly focuses on the dimension of Buddhist material culture，Through architectural archaeological research methods，Research on some distinctive Han cultural architectural elements in Tibetan Buddhist temple architecture that originated in the Hexi region，Such as "axial symmetry - one front and two compartments" layout、Chinese-style double-eaves large wooden structure with corridor and ceiling mandala color painting combination, etc.。These architectural elements reflect the ideas and cultural traditions of Han Dynasty，Introduced to Tibet from Hexi due to the effective governance of Tibet by the Yuan Dynasty from the end bet365 free bets 13th century to the beginning bet365 free bets 14th century，And achieved full localization。In the 14th century, Tibetan native Buddhist culture transitioned from absorption to self-consciousness，First-class Tibetan scholars represented by Master Butun，About the previous hundreds of years from Han Dynasty、Esoteric texts introduced to Tibet from India and the Western Regions，Systematically summarized and organized according to the structural system of "Four Continuations"，Based on this, corresponding systematic visual expressions are derived，i.e. all-inclusive、Pantheon-style systematic images。This new way of image expression fed back to the Hexi region in the early 15th century，Have spawned a new “homogeneous” Sino-Tibetan Buddhist architectural style。This new French style not only continued to be popular in Hexi area，And it also spilled over to Inner Mongolia and Kham District in western Sichuan，It had a profound impact on local Tibetan Buddhist architecture in the 16th century and beyond，This is also a milestone in the entire history of ancient Chinese Buddhist architecture。From a deeper perspective，This Chinese architectural model, which is integrated with Tibetan architecture, can be regarded as a cultural symbol with a clear metaphor in the long history，What it implies is actually based on the Chinese standard，Expression bet365 free bets thought of realizing great unification。From the perspective bet365 free bets relationship between people and architecture，Cultural symbols full of symbolic meaning are accepted and tolerated by Tibet，Becomes a cultural concept of self-reflection and a part of self-cultural elements，Localized、The cultural landscape recreated based on this is no longer regarded as foreign by local and mobile people、Exotic cultural expression。This popular visualization over a long period of time，As a mass communication carrier of spiritual awareness beyond words，It is one bet365 free bets many examples bet365 free bets continuous acculturation and integration between the Chinese and Tibetan peoples。Being a culture，Such as religious beliefs、Visual arts have become part of people’s daily lives，Then cultural identity and civilizational community will naturally emerge without realizing it。

　　(The author is an assistant researcher at the Institute of bet365 free bets, China Tibetology Research Center)