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The Neolithic Age has been around 10,000 years ago，Before the era of Erlitou，Last 67,000 years，is the origin and development stage of Chinese civilization，The basic trait of Chinese civilization。The stage changes in the formation of Chinese civilization are very significant，Especially the most typical typical between the Yangshao era and the Longshan era。

　The religious atmosphere of the Yangshao era is strong

Strong blood relationship is almost the common feature of all the culture of the Yangshao era。and its religious atmosphere，In our impression, it is mainly Hongshan、Liangzhu、Lingjia Beach、Qujialing -The Religious Religious Religions of Shijiahe Culture。Relatively speaking，The impression that the Yellow River Basin is not deep in this area is not deep，In fact，This area also has a strong primitive religious color。Rich primitive religious relics、The characteristics should be the common feature of the culture of the Yangshao era。

The primitive religious relics in the Yangshao era have both pure religious holy places，For example, Hongshan Cultural Niuheliang and Dongshanzui site that is absolutely isolated from the secular life; bet365 Play online games there are also religious places that are relatively simple and secular life without decision -making，For example, Lingjia Beach and Liangzhu Culture、Qujialing -Altar of Shijiahe Culture。The former shows that the religious level may have generated different levels of centers and divine rights leaders。But the level of Hongshan's cultural settlement is still in a relatively balanced state，Differential is unknown。This implies that although religious divine rights have a great impact，But the role of the economic and social level is still relatively limited。Although the latter also shows the role of divine rights，but did not completely cover up secular power。

The distribution area and nature of the primitive religious relics in the Yangshao era are revealed above.，Although different cultural traditions are different，But in essence they also have a highly similar background -active in primitive religion，It can be said in this sense，The era of the Yangshao era is a time of religious civilization。The divine power of this era affects social development，In some society, it has led to a considerable degree of centralization，This brings a significant change in culture and social appearance。

Actually，The religious atmosphere of the Yangshao era is more reflected in funeral activities，Blood Network, represented by a concentrated cemetery、The Wind of respecting the ancestors and worship of the funeral performance bet365 best casino games is inseparable from the ancestor worship。This phenomenon runs through the entire era。But，Enter the late，The scale of the cemetery becomes smaller，Group differentiation becomes thin，Tomb arrangement is more neat，Show the trend of stepping up the management of cemetery order，Explain that the positioning of individuals in the blood system starts to become important。This change is likely to be the gradually linked of the personal rights and obligations and the relationship between blood.，The previous equal equal blood relationship was injected into the level、New factors such as pro -sparse level and wealth，Start changing to the orderly level system，The so -called clan law of the later generations cover here。

　　The secular characteristics of the Longshan era are prominent

Compared to the strong religious atmosphere compared to the Yangshao era，Longshan era can be called the secular era。The traces of the original religion in Longshan society are too few compared to the previous era。Pure religious relics or disappear or decline of people's spiritual world at that time，Ancestral worship, which followed the secular social principles, rose to the main body of religious life，Most sacrifice behaviors can clearly see the penetration of secular power，shows a strong tendency to violence。

The most significant change comes from funeral customs。The family cemetery in the Longshan era basically bet365 Play online games disappeared in many areas，Tomb is often related to the house、Cellar、Courtyard、Gray pit and other living facilities mixed，Function unit in the settlement。The narrowing of the scale of the cemetery implies that the social circle of participating in the funeral activities has also become smaller，The wind of comparison weakened with the wind，The funeral items are therefore simpler，It indicates that the practical consciousness in people's concepts at this time has begun to suppress the ancestor、enthusiasm for religion，Reflection of more present care。They show great enthusiasm for the business of secular life，Social appearance is changed。Like West Zhu Feng、Tomb on the top of the society like Tao Temple，Although the large scale is long -term，The number of funerals is completely in the wind，And the factors that express religious beliefs fades a lot，Factors to express the social status of the tomb owner，The scale system of the tomb pits、Support for funeral utensils、Composite relationship of funerals、Equipment and other institutional differences are becoming more and more prominent，The degree of splitting with the social grassroots is getting larger and larger。

Longshan era not only rare religious relics，From the phenomenon of violence that it is often accompanied by，Tongshen rights may have been controlled by the upper levels of society。This seems to be the "Jedi Tiantong" bet365 Play online games in ancient history legends。The rulers of the rulers are not purely for religious beliefs，Social needs have begun to become the main echo，Agricultural Time、praying rain, etc., began to become an important way to gain social recognition。3959_3984，Also obtain the recognition of the people。This is also one aspect of the Longshan era that may be different from the Yangshao era。

The social change displayed in the settlement is also fundamental。The number of settlements in the Longshan period has surged，Unprecedented increase in density，implies the rapid growth of the population，This is the basis of the development of agricultural society。Social cells at the same time -family households are generally fixed as core families，It is also one of the prerequisites for the improvement of social productivity。The development of Social production in Longshan is also manifested in Tao、Progress of handicraft production technology such as stone tools、Professional and socialized improvement，and the initial formation of this production system that transforms this production into a product。The rapid increase in population and the progress of production，Promote the population to concentrate on those settlements with location advantages，Over time，These settlements control the surrounding areas。This，Regional society formed，The center is often at the center of the market bet365 best casino games system，Building the city wall with self -defense and becoming a city，Therefore, the entire regional society is a city government，can also be called early city -state。

Process from the Yangshao era to the Longshan era，You can see that the relocation of culture is very significant，Calm down from the religious enthusiasm of the Yangshao era，Enter the pragmatic Longshan era，Chinese civilization has changed from now on，Entering a new realm，Deep secular marks in cultural character。But in this process，The characteristics of the Yangshao era are not replaced，They or sink into the bottom of culture; become an important subconscious foundation in the Chinese thinking mode，or rise to the top of culture，The doctrine of political legitimacy of becoming the rulers。It can be said，The era of the Yangshao era has laid the spiritual core of Chinese culture more，Heaven and Man One、The psychological habits of all things with spirit have become the lasting characteristics of Chinese culture。Relatively speaking，The Longshan era has laid more on the secular social model of Chinese culture，Decided Chinese culture to be practical、Features of light thinking，The concept of no atheism has always had an important impact among Chinese scholars' doctors，Its source may be traced back to this change。

(The author is a researcher at the Shandong Provincial Cultural Relics and Archeology Research Institute)