Editor's note: General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out，Chinese civilization has been known for its openness and tolerance since ancient times，Constantly rejuvenating new vitality in the exchange and mutual learning with other civilizations。To persist in promoting equality、Mutual Learning、Dialogue、Puttering civilization view，Understand the understanding of different civilizations with a wide mind，Respect the people's exploration of their own development paths，Acting with civilized exchanges beyond civilization barriers，By the conflict of civilization with civilization and mutual learning，A coexistence of civilization surpassed the superiority of civilization，Promote the common value of all humanity contained in Chinese civilization，Promote the establishment of a community of human destiny。The theme of the "Academic China · 2022" International Summit Forum is "Civilization in the Great Change: China and the World"。History experts participating in this forum focus on the theme of the forum，Discussion of the characteristics of the 5,000 -year -old civilization of China、The background of the origin of the ancient history of China and the West、The origin of civilization is based on collaboration、historical truth in the Five Emperor's era、The transformation and innovation of Chinese civilization and the reconstruction of Chinese classical science、Chinese civilization、Eurasian Grassland Channel of early Civilization Exchange of China and Western Civilization、Extension of the Silk Road on the Qinghai -Tibet Plateau、Important issues such as the publicity of historical interpretation in the change of the situation。bet365 Play online games Expert's speech Abstract is divided into 4 layouts and releases one after another，Reader。

　　bet365 Play online games

Engels proposed: "The country is a generalization of a civilized society。"" Yi Jianping study from the perspective of the source of the word，Think "civilization is the country"。The "materialized carrier" of "country" is concentrated in the "national identity concept" of "national", "land" and "national"。

　　Han Jianye: Use multiple methods to excavate the truth of the Five Emperor's era

"The Five Emperor's Times" refers，It belongs to the period of "Legendary Age" or "Original History"。Ancient Chinese people generally believed in the historical authenticity of the Five Emperor's era。But from the late Qing Dynasty、Since the Republic of China，Under the background of the fierce collision of Chinese and Western culture，There is a huge suspicion of ancient movement，The era of the Five Emperor is basically denied。Although in the evening after 1928, Shang Duyi Yinxu、Find of the early Shang Duyi Zhengzhou Mall，Extremely "East Zhou Dynasty Unknown Theory" announced bankruptcy，But to the Xia Dynasty, especially the Five Emperor's era before the Shang Dynasty，The academic world is still full of doubts。

　　Jiang Linchang: Chinese civilization transformation and innovation and Chinese classical reconstruction

In the history of the development of Chinese civilization for more than 5,000 years，There are two profound changes。The first time is the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Period，The second time is the new era。The Great Change of the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods，Created the first peak of Chinese culture，and have the great prosperity of Chinese classical science。Great change in the new era，It ushered in the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation，Entering the golden age of Chinese classical learning。

　　Wang Hui: On the background of the origin of the ancient bet365 best casino games and Western history of China

The 1920s and 1930s，Chinese ancient historical scholars Gu Jiegang and Yang Kuan、Mythology Scholar Mao Dun、Western Sinologists Ma Bole and Grandan Yan，Both believe that the theme of mythology and mythology hidden in the ancient history of China and the legend of the emperor，It was gradually transformed into historical figures。This is called "mythical history"。Then，Gao Benhan put forward the opposite view，Think of the mythical heroes in early Chinese literature，Originally the ancestors of the royal family，Later, they were deified by their children and grandchildren，This is "Historical mythization"。With the criticism of Scholars and other scholars in Abohua，"Mythology History" seems to be the mainstream understanding of Western scholars。

　　Guo Jingyun: The origin of civilization is based on collaboration

How does the country originate? Why are humans creating the country like this?，Different theology、Philosophy、Psychological Theory。Where，The most discussed scholars are the emergence of the country，The cause of the cause is the violence relationship between the group and the group，Formed a compulsive organization，or it can also be understood as a result of natural human cooperation and coordination。

　　Li Yujie: Cultural identity and the Chinese civilization in the world's great changes

In the history of world civilization，Chinese civilization is compared to ancient Egypt、Two River Basin、Ancient India and ancient Greece、An exception of civilized forms such as Rome，So that some Western scholars have different cognitions of Chinese civilization。For example，American scholar Lucian W. Pye thinks，"China is not just another national country in the national home，China is a civilization that disguised as a country "。This opinion shows that these Western scholars are about ancient Chinese civilization、Country、Vague bet365 best casino games cognition of relationships between nations，It also shows ancient Chinese civilization、Country、The uniqueness of the nation on the road of historical evolution。

　　Zhu Fenghan: Eurasian Grassland Channel for early Civilization Exchange of China and the West

Eurasian Grassland refers to the Black Sea coast west、European grassland and Asian grasslands in Lake Baikal。Eurasian Grassland and today's northern China will start with ethnic and cultural interaction at the beginning of the beginning of the 2,000 BC，The occurrence of early civilization in China、Development has played a role in promoting。This article selects three important topics with sufficient information for discussions，That is the emergence and development of early metallurgical technology in Northwest China、The two -wheeled spoke carriage discovered by Yinxu and a carriage in the Eurasian grassland、Xiajiadian's upper -level culture -the carrier of the intersection of Eurasian grasslands and Central Plains cultural intercourse。Its region is from west to east，The time has from 2,000 BC to the 8th century BC (in the late Western Zhou Dynasty to the early Spring and Autumn Period)。

　　Huo Wei: The extension of the Silk Road on the Qinghai -Tibet Plateau

Wish to know，"Silk Road" is a concept of the initial proposal of German geographicist F. Von Richthofen，Its intention refers to the Han Dynasty China leads to the West (the West referred to here is mainly southern Central Asia、West and ancient India) a traffic route based on silk trade。Later，This concept continues to change with the development of the times: First, on the timeline，People realize，In fact, as early as before the Han Dynasty，Eastern and West exchanges with the Central Plains region of China already exist，Therefore, from the Han Dynasty, I have traced back to the prehistoric era，It also lasted backwards until the Han Dynasty, Tang, Song and Yuan dynasties，The routes that communicate Bet365 lotto review in the East and West in different eras are included in it; the second is in geographical space，Breaking through the spatial range of the narrow land Silk Road (also known as the "Desert Silk Road")，Proposal to the "Grassland Silk Road" in the north and the "Maritime Silk Road" based on maritime transportation in the south，Different concepts such as "Southwest Silk Road" formed between regions。As Mr. Rong Xinjiang said: "The Silk Road is a living road。”

　　Jiang Meng: 1923 in the history of Chinese academic history

The modernization of Chinese academics is the core issue of the study of Chinese academic history and history history for decades。The analysis and affirmation of "Ancient History" and "Hua Jing into History" in the past studies more，But this kind of understanding cannot explain a problem well: the phonology of the kernel status in the Qing Dynasty，How did it complete modern transformation? Modern conversion of traditional Chinese phonology，The answer contains in the "Big Debate in the Ancient Sounds" that occurred in 1923。

　　Zhong Jie: The publicity of historical interpretation in the big change -based on the "saddle -type" theory of Kedazlek as an example

The contemporary world is entering the period of rapid changes。For history，This means that it depends on and analyzed the scale and methods of the past world facing huge challenges，For example: (1) "inaccurate" brought by quantum mechanics to historic science based on Newtonian classic scientific cognition theory reveals the rich diversity of the micro -world; (2) from the International Political Change Bureau Bring to Western Centralism，Historical writing practical practices pointed at global or great history is more popular。

　　Dimitri Bonda Lianke: Comparison of three post -colonial African countries

　　Tanzania、Zambia and Uganda's three post -colonial African countries in the process of national construction are worthy of in -depth discussions。Tanzania is closer to traditional European countries than bet365 best casino games other countries in Africa，Also known as modern European mode，That is, the citizen of the country is in the same society，Have the same values ​​system and the same national cultural background。They think，Common national citizenship should be higher than individual and local identity，And loyalty to the entire nation -state is more than regional、Religious、Ethnic groups and other divisions are more important。but，Compared with Tanzania，For the vast majority of post -colonial countries including Zambia and Uganda，Local identity is more important。In our opinion，This significant difference is caused by historical reasons，This is with their past history，That is, the particularity of the historical history of the pre -colonial period and the colonial period and the interpretation of history during its independence。

　　Julian Kuni: China's success is rooted in ancient Chinese civilization

　　China has become a member of this powerful and orderly culture and civilization core circle with "five inventions"。What I want to emphasize is，At least five Chinese inventions have created global culture: from 206 to 25 BC; papermaking in the Han Dynasty from 618 to 19907，At that time, people began to print the Buddhist scriptures; 668 years before this，New dynasty more than 2000 years ago，China has a double -wheel car，People think this is invented by Europe，Actually as early as 3000-2000，There are two -wheeled relics on the Simatai Great Wall on the outskirts of Beijing today; 10th century，The people of the Song Dynasty invented the compass during the process of mining and copper and iron，Then spread to the Arab world in Africa in the 11th century，Wish to know，This has a revolutionary impact on the global navigation; of course, there is gunpowder，It eventually became the most harmful change，Because of European colonial plunder and military violence culture，It is the invention bet365 Play online games of this Chinese Taoist priest。This invention was originally used by Chinese priests to cure disease and refining elixir，But then the Europeans distorted their use，Use it to create weapons with huge lethality，This is something that has not done any other culture in the same period。Wish to know，This is reflected in the military industry complex in the United States and NATO。