Editor’s note: Today’s China is an extremely rich, vivid and logical continuation and development of historical China。The path of socialism with Chinese characteristics that China is taking today，It is inseparable from the five thousand years of Chinese bet365 withdrawal。The historical changes of Chinese bet365 withdrawal for more than 5,000 years，Formed a unique historical development path，The deepest spiritual pursuit of the Chinese nation，Represents the unique spiritual logo of the Chinese nation，Live forever for the Chinese nation、Development and growth provide rich nourishment。Only those who understand the history of Chinese bet365 withdrawal for more than five thousand years、Understand the spirit of the Chinese nation，In order to scientifically recognize and understand today’s China。General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: “Archaeological work is to display and construct the history of the Chinese nation、Important work on the treasures of Chinese bet365 withdrawal。Understanding history is inseparable from archeology。Historical and cultural heritage not only vividly tells the past，It also profoundly affects the present and the future；Not just for us，Also belongs to future generations。”“Archaeological discoveries show the historical context of the origin and development of Chinese bet365 withdrawal，Shows the brilliant achievements of Chinese bet365 withdrawal，Demonstrates the significant contribution of Chinese bet365 withdrawal to world bet365 withdrawal。"To focus on the important results achieved by the archaeological community in my country in exploring the origin and evolution of Chinese bet365 withdrawal，We take "Chinese bet365 withdrawal in Archeology" as our title，Organized this issue of "Special Planning"。

　　Archaeology confirms five thousand years of bet365 withdrawal history

The Chinese archaeological community generally accepts Engels's "Family"、The classic statement that "the state is a summary of civilized society" in "The Origin of Private Ownership and the State"。Using the country as the symbol of bet365 withdrawal，It is also a general knowledge in the international academic community。Archaeological criteria for “country”，The city proposed by Will Gordon Child、The "three elements" theory of metal and writing has far-reaching influence。But，Civilizations in Central America do not have metals，The Inca bet365 withdrawal in South America had no writing。This reminds us，Each bet365 withdrawal should have its own standards for formation。

　　The "neutral" gene maintains the continuity of Chinese bet365 withdrawal

In Chinese history，The concept of "neutralization" and the origin of bet365 withdrawal、The formation of a country is closely related to China’s unbroken bet365 withdrawal of more than 5,000 years。The concepts of "Zhong" and "Zhonghe" are the "genes" of Chinese history and culture，It is also the "root" and "soul" of Chinese culture。

　　The "Ancient Country Era" from the Archaeological Perspective

From a global perspective，China has the largest prehistoric agricultural area。This agricultural area was once dotted with agricultural villages tied by blood。In order to maintain reproduction，This bloodline organization has been preserved for a long time since its formation，Being the grassroots of China’s society for thousands of years。

　　The establishment of the spiritual core of bet365 withdrawal culture and the secular social model

The Neolithic Age began about 10,000 years ago，Before the Erlitou era，Last six to seven thousand years，It is the origin and development stage of Chinese bet365 withdrawal，Established the basic characteristics of Chinese bet365 withdrawal。The staged changes in the formation of Chinese bet365 withdrawal are very significant，Especially between the Yangshao Period and the Longshan Period。

　　Dawn of bet365 withdrawal: Peiligan Culture

Peiligan Culture is mainly distributed on both sides of the Yellow River in Henan，About 9000-7000 years ago，Named after the excavation of the Peiligang site in Xinzheng, Henan in 1977。Peligan culture is the beginning of bet365 withdrawal scholars’ accurate understanding of the archaeological culture of the Middle Neolithic period。

　　A brief biography of archaeologists

　　Archaeological presentation of the origin of bet365 withdrawal in the Central Plains

The Chinese bet365 withdrawal Discovery Project implemented from 2001 to 2016，Adhere to "multi-level"、Multiple angles、All-round” concept，Discuss the origin and formation process of bet365 withdrawal in various regions，And the formation process of the pluralistic and integrated pattern of Chinese bet365 withdrawal with the Central Plains region as the core，Then explore the reasons leading to this process、Mechanism and characteristics。Among them，The bet365 withdrawal process in the Central Plains is the most important issue of the Chinese bet365 withdrawal Discovery Project。

　　Looking at the evolution bet365 withdrawal concept of "China" from He Zunming

He Zun is an important artifact in the fifth year of King Cheng of Zhou Dynasty in the early years bet365 withdrawal Western Zhou Dynasty，Not only records the important events bet365 withdrawal first move to the eastern capital Luoyi after the completion of Luoyi in the fifth year of King Cheng，Also recalls King Zhou Wu’s last wish to build the Eastern Capital before his death，Also records the words of admonishment given by King Zhou Cheng to the clan boy surnamed Ji。

　　The beginning of dynastic bet365 withdrawal in the Bronze Age

Since the 21st century，We have discovered China’s earliest urban main road network in the Erlitou site、Miyagi、Palace buildings that often enter courtyards、A palace building complex arranged on a central axis、Important relics such as the handicraft workshop area and the turquoise manufacturing workshop in the official enclosure。These concentrated large amounts of “real estate” are planned in an orderly manner，Witnessed the early emergence of dynastic bet365 withdrawal in China’s Bronze Age，And the formation of the Central Plains Center that lasted for nearly 3000 years。

　　Editor’s Notes

General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: “China is a country with a long bet365 withdrawal。Among the major ancient civilizations in the world，Chinese bet365 withdrawal is uninterrupted、bet365 withdrawal that continues to develop to this day，It has a history of more than 5,000 years。The writing our ancestors created thousands of years ago is still in use today。more than 2000 years ago，There are hundreds of schools of thought in China，Laozi、Confucius、Mozi and other thinkers studied astronomy、Xiapogeography，Extensive discussion of people and people、People and Society、The true meaning of the relationship between man and nature，Proposed a broad and profound ideological system。Many of the ideas they proposed，Like filial piety, brotherhood, loyalty and trust、Etiquette, justice, integrity、Benevolent people love others、Be kind to others、Unity of man and nature、Tao follows nature、Continuous self-improvement, etc.，It still deeply affects the lives of Chinese people to this day。Chinese people view the world、Looking at society、Looking at life，Have its own unique value system。The unique and long-standing spiritual world of the Chinese，Let Chinese people have strong national self-confidence，It also cultivated the national spirit with patriotism as its core。”

　　The inclusiveness of the Yellow River bet365 withdrawal from an archaeological perspective

There are many basins and plains in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River，Suitable for the development of agriculture，The development and prosperity of ancient culture。The Neolithic culture in the middle reaches of the Yellow River can start from the Lijiagou Culture about 10,000 years ago，Establish Peiligan Culture、Yangshao Culture、Complete prehistoric cultural sequence such as Longshan Period culture。In this sequence, Tao Temple emerged in the late Longshan period、Shimao and other large-scale prehistoric cultural city sites，By the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties, a brilliant bronze bet365 withdrawal had been achieved。The Houli culture was also established in the lower reaches of the Yellow River、Beixin Culture、Dawenkou Culture、Typical prehistoric cultural sequence of Longshan Culture。After the late Dawenkou Culture，This region has also achieved many important civilizational achievements。

　　Three generations of civilizations that emerged based on the integration of multiple civilizations

About the origin of bet365 withdrawal，Contemporary scholars have proposed many models based on Marxism，It can be roughly summarized as a trade route、Production、War、Water Conservancy、Rituals, etc.。For example, trade route bet365 withdrawal，The bet365 withdrawal that emerged during the process of trade，Typical such as ancient Greek bet365 withdrawal、Mali and Songhay in West Africa。Ancient Greek bet365 withdrawal emerged in the Aegean Sea region，Frequent ocean trade。For members of society，It’s not the trade itself that matters，But who can control what comes from afar is crucial。As for production-oriented bet365 withdrawal，Food production as key resource，Like the coast of Peru。This is because it is close to the Peruvian cold current，Rich fish resources，In addition, several small river valleys flowing from the Andes to the Pacific Ocean are suitable for irrigated agriculture，This forms a very good production foundation，A larger population living in a limited area。For this area，Controlling your own territory is crucial。Hydraulic bet365 withdrawal emphasizes the role of flood control and water conservancy and irrigation projects in promoting the construction and development of national organizations，In this type of bet365 withdrawal，The construction process of major projects itself is constantly strengthening social organizations，Including its complexity、Efficiency and Organizational Structure。These are the basic conditions for the operation of the country。This type of bet365 withdrawal such as Mesopotamian bet365 withdrawal、Indus Valley bet365 withdrawal and Egyptian bet365 withdrawal。There is another type of bet365 withdrawal that can be called war-type bet365 withdrawal，The most typical one is the grassland people。The economic system there is not perfect and stable enough，It has become a habit to attack each other，The custom of robbing and honoring has formed in society。In a sense，It is war that creates classes，Because of the war，Some people can stand out，A strict and efficient social organization mobilization system was thus formed。The last category is ritual bet365 withdrawal，This type of bet365 withdrawal places great emphasis on ritual，Invest a large amount of resources in society into ritual activities。Mayan bet365 withdrawal may be considered a typical example。

　　The formation bet365 withdrawal Central Plains’ status as “among the rest bet365 withdrawal world”

The Central Plains region we are talking about mainly refers to the west starting from today’s Guanzhong, Shaanxi Province、East to Kaifeng, East Henan、South to Huaihe River、The area north to the Yellow River。Since the Erlitou Kingdom，Li Erligang Kingdom、Yinxu Late Shang Kingdom、Western Zhou Kingdom、Qin and Han Dynasties，Even to the Tang and Song Dynasties，The capitals and core areas of rule in China’s past dynasties are all bet365 withdrawal Central Plains。yuan、Ming、Qing Dynasty，Although the capital is not bet365 withdrawal Central Plains，But they all followed the basic political etiquette system formed and developed bet365 withdrawal Central Plains from the Erlitou Kingdom to the Tang and Song Dynasties、Cultural thoughts and strategies to stabilize the country。

　　The Chinese model of the origin of Chinese bet365 withdrawal

When Western bet365 withdrawal Originated，Rural areas and cities are independent and separated。In ancient China，The bloodline management of primitive clan society still continues in civilized society。Although cities also appeared，But the clan aristocrats in the city and the clan commoners in the countryside outside the city，Belong to the same clan, same race and same blood，Therefore urban and rural areas are inseparable，Unified in the blood management community。This one。

　　Representation of prehistoric settlements with bet365 withdrawal cultural characteristics and unique paths

China’s early historical evolution path shows different ways from the historical processes of other ancient civilizations bet365 withdrawal world。And in this historical evolution path，Ancestor worship and the cohesion of social organizations in prehistoric China played an important role。

　　Four ancient civilizations

Egyptian bet365 withdrawal Two Rivers bet365 withdrawal Indian bet365 withdrawal Chinese bet365 withdrawal

　　Exchanges and mutual learning between Shang and Zhou bronze civilizations

Bronze ware is the most common and important burial object in the tombs of Shang and Zhou aristocrats，Becomes an important criterion for determining the grade of the tomb and the identity of the tomb owner。Outside of burial situation，The interaction between local ethnic groups and bet365 withdrawal ethnic groups in the border areas of the Dynasty，A combination of copper ritual vessels、The use of features and other utensils will not only reflect the characteristics of a specific ethnic group’s culture，It can also serve as a "barometer" for the advancement and retreat of the Central Plains dynasties。